DMI: Data Collection
Hypothesis: The taller a person is, the less likely it is that they miss a basket from the free throw line.
There are 3000 students at my school. For this experiment, I decided that using a sample size of 40 students will be feasible and fairly representative of the entire population. In order to try and insure that this sample best represents the school, it is important to carefully choose a sampling method which decreases any chance of bias. Originally, I wanted to use a simple random sample which would give everyone in the school an equal chance of being chosen, therefore making the results fair and not directed towards a certain group of individuals. However, getting a hold of a list of all students in the school that I can use to randomly select my sample group was not realistic. So, I decided that a voluntary response sample would be more practice in this situation. Not only does using this sample make the process less time consuming and convenient, but it also solves the problem of not being
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Firstly, non-response bias may have occurred. People who had more free time during that day or that were more outgoing were more likely to volunteer. Likewise, if I would have given an incentive to be able to get more volunteers, such as giving volunteer hours, people who need more volunteer hours would be more likely to volunteer. Although free time, being outgoing, and a need for volunteer hours are not directly correlated to basketball skills, a possible connection may be present. Also, since the experiment was conducted only once at a particular time, only people who were available at that time would have been able to participate. If there was a particular club that was going on during that time, such as a soccer team practice, then soccer player’s numbers would not be included in the data and it would be slightly
Non-Probability Sample - is a process when samples are gathered in a way where everyone do not have an equal chance to be selected. . I am going to sit in the lobby of the dormitories, A. A. Branch, Renner, Berkshire, and New Women, to pass out surveys to the first 20 students in each dorm that pass by and voluntary want to take it.
Denote by the average heights for males and females, respectively. Here are the two hypotheses:
In an upcoming project I will be researching anxiety in relation to study habits of social work students. There is a possibility for sampling bias with this research. The students majoring in social work come from
For my sample, I will be doing a convenience sample. My survey will be open to any age but will mainly focus on young college students. I will reach out to my class at a local university. There are approximately 30 students in the Criminal Justice Basic Statistics and Research course. I plan to have all the 30 students participate in this survey. Once I implement my
While Millington and Wilson focus on a specific demographic, Messener et al. (1993) focus and compare the effects of sports
In “Boyhood, Organized Sports, and the Construction of Masculinities”, Michael Messner used interviews as a research method to gain information from males who previously played organized sports. Messner gathers qualitative data by asking questions similar to this: How does playing sports affect your relationship with your father? How does winning affect your relationships outside of sports? He also gathers a small amount of quantitative data by figuring out how many white, black and Hispanic males are in his study. Messner collected this information by recording in-depth interviews with the men, the interviews lasted between one and a half to six hours. Since Messner only gathered 30 males to be interviewed for his research it was not considered a “randomly selected” sample, but he did try to get a wide variety between race, social class and age in
According to Acharya, Prakash, Saxena, and Nigam (2013), sampling designs are classified into two categories: probability sample and non-probability sample. Probability sampling aids in the generalizability of the results because individuals in the population have an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study (Acharya et al., 2013). With the non-probability sampling method, every individual does not have the same chances of being included (Frankfort-Nachmias, & Nachmias,
Great example you provided. It sounds like a great example of probability sampling which is also called random sampling where each person chosen to participate each have equal opportunity to be selected. When choosing the random sampling they have to be chosen without any bias towards the results that are being studied.
The sampling technique used is a little strange since they split individuals into groups based on their sports, but the subjects were volunteers. The sampling technique was a blend between voluntary response and stratified random sample. In the end, the sampling technique was volunteer response because all subjects were volunteers.
By looking at the frequency histogram comparing height and amount of NBA players it is noticeable that the most NBA players are 6’3” to 6’8” and that there is very little NBA players in the data that are 5’9” to 6’2”. In the other histogram, comparing free throw percentages and amount of NBA players almost all of the NBA players in the data make 75% to 89.9% of their free throws and very little make make under 75% or over 89.9% of their free throws. These histograms show that most NBA players, with all different heights, make almost the same amount of free throws as other NBA players.
In terms of choosing my sampling method, I chose quota sampling. This is because we chose to survey 30 people in total but divide the group into genders; males and females. Therefore; 15 males and 15 females were surveyed. This was an important sampling method to choose because it was quite accurate. It was less biased as we decided to interview both genders, leading to varied results for our market research team. We also chose to have quota sampling, because it was the most efficient sampling method which gave us the most accurate information we set out to find. I feel it was important to have more than one division; that being males and females. This is purely because males and females have much diverse views and opinions and also priorities such as; males being more interested in booking rooms and assessing the online services, where the females would also enjoy the online services, but would show more interest in the facilities available, therefore it was quite key to find out how each gender progressed through the surveys. I feel that quota sampling is much more accurate than other sampling methods such as random sampling. This is because random sampling will leave the researchers with a range of results, which will be harder to compare or formulate decisions
The authors found that while many studies have been done on the impact of sports based intervention programs have on populations that are underprivileged or even homeless, there are few studies that investigate the impact these interventions have on the volunteers who participate in these programs. This study examines the impact of Street Soccer USA on its volunteers.
Throughout the 77 responses survey, I noticed some unfair and bias things that changed the outcome of the survey. One example is that 60 out of 77 responses came from 9th graders. From a ninth grader’s perspective, we view things a lot differently than 10th through 12th graders. There is a big maturity gap between 9th and 12th graders, and that affects the survey a lot. For example we do not like the sophomores, which of course means the sophomores are going to be voted for most rude, we don’t care for them. Another thing that I noticed was that there is a lack of upperclassmen taking the survey. There are 15 seniores in the survey, which is not bad, but there are no juniores. Upperclassmen are the “head” of the high school, and it makes all
James Hannon utilized the stratified sampling method to conduct his study. This method allows you to make the sample as representative as possible. For instance individuals would be divided into groups or strata this allows the sample to show an accurate representation and reflection of the population being studied. Hannon’s method consisted of the involvement of 178 students who were in 9th and 10th grade. 90 of the students were boys and 88 were girls, they all enrolled in six physical education classes. Due to the method of this experiment and the diversity of race in this urban southeastern high school, the students were divided in terms of their race. There were 47.84% Caucasian, 46.44% African American, 2.96% Hispanic, 1.24% Asian, 1.10% Multicultural and 0.14% American Indian. Before conducting the study Hannon obtained permission from the University Institutional Review Board, the school district, school administrations and the teachers. Also the students and parents were provided with informed consent. The use of stratified sampling was beneficial as it gives a more accurate finding and is more representative of the sample. This allows the sample to picket against an unrepresentative sample. (Reserved and Version, 2016) Having said that, a disadvantage of using this sampling
What is the Relationship between Points per Game Scored and the Height of the Players in the NBA?