Methodology
Critical Discourse Analysis
In writing this paper, the writer derives the theory from Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), which is an approach to the analysis of discourse which maintains that, language is a social practice and analyses how ideologies and power relations are approached in language (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997, p 258; Lin & Guo, 2016). Fowler and Kress, 1979; Van Dijk, 1993, 1983; Fairclough & Wodak, 1997; Wodak & Meyer, 2009, and Foucault, 1972, are among theorists who have made great contribution to the development and implementation of CDA. It is worth taking into account that CDA has its roots in Critical Linguistics and can be taken as a development of Critical Linguistics (Hailong, 2006). Language and Control (Fowler &
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These express mental patterns of such events and the belief that the storytellers have regarding them’ (Van Dijk, 1997a: p42). (5) Quoting credible, sources or experts, witnesses, e.g. in news reports.
(6) Semantic moves such as disclaimers: These play a significant role in persuasion while displaying the original structures of ethnic approaches’ (Van Dijk, 1997, p42).
According to Van Dijk (2006) extended endeavor on racism and discourse, concludes that common racism and negative attitudes are derivative of elite racist discourse. In other words, the role of elites in the ‘discursive reproduction processes of the system of racism’ is prominent (Van Dijk, 1997, p32). Numbers of the prejudicial beliefs and attitudes of the public are originated from their understanding of elite discourse in the form of textbooks, massages, media, political discourse, and corporative discourse (Van Dijk, 1983: p23).
The main tenets of Critical Discourse Analysis have been put forth by Wodak and Fairclough (1997):
1 CDA addresses social problems.
2 Power relations are
Language, is a way for people to communicate and express their opinions between one another. Yet, another factor is important in engaging with language. This factor is the practice and context of certain words, used to emphasize opinions or generalizations. Through the accounts of Tannen, Sanders, and Hughes, the significance of certain words, and the many interpretations signaled by people of different perspectives, are discussed. The written texts centered around mostly the pragmatic aspect of language, the intentions of spoken or written expression.
Racism is the belief centralized in the idea that a certain race is considered to be superior or inferior to another. It is a belief that labels a person’s worth, social, and moral traits based on his/her inherent nationality or biological features (Anti-Defamation League). This mentality has been around for centuries and still exists today. There are several theories about how such came about and why it continues to thrive. Racism can only be thoroughly studied by tracing its roots and history. Knowing the relevant events prior to and after the peak of a racist manifestation in the society during a certain period of time is one of the keys in understanding the nature of racism. It is important to note that the attempt to understand the nature of racism is not necessarily equivalent to the attempt to justify it. The main purpose of racism studies should be directed towards the attempt to lessen, if not eradicate such mentality. The Holocaust, the infamous racist manifestation which took place in Germany is a great example of what happens when racism is not stopped or prevented. Taking such infamous racist events in history under an extensive look, reveals some of the major arguments/concepts/causes of racism that could lead to understanding racism as a whole and thereby help address this issue in the modern-day society. Extreme ethnocentrism, rivalry for supremacy, and people lacking information are some of the causes of racism deemed to be important in studying
According to Essed (1991), the everyday experiences of racism and racist practice involve those routine activities perceived by the majority to be normal and neutral, yet these putdowns and demotions are negatively experienced by minority women and men as a violation of their dignity and humanity. Essed (2002) also points out that everyday racism is entrenched within mainstream institutions so that patterns of dominance are largely invisible to those in power and passively tolerated by the majority. Finally, she argues that it’s not the actions per se that determine whether racism is at play; instead it’s about the contexts that define acts as racist. Everyday racism is subsequently defined (Essed 1991, 5) as a process in which (a) socialized
A discourse community is said to be resistant to internal criticism and self-scrutiny because all ideas that severely contrast the values and beliefs within the community are defined as being on the outside, as demonstrated in the texts. “The Discourse itself defines what counts as acceptable criticism” (Gee 162). All of the articles use similar rhetorical strategies by describing a problem in shared thinking; the common conception that the
*All the works below for the exam are done independently. No cooperation or discussion with anybody else.
Nevertheless, discourse plays a crucial role in the rhetorical analysis process, as Grant Davie explains, the process goes from establishing the subject to identifying where discourse comes from and finally evaluating its importance and point. Moreover, the chamber of commerce is trying to get primarily affluent individuals to move down to Winter Park, Florida. Moreover, to persuade them that living in Winter Park is everyone’s stereotypical American
In general, I am skeptical of the notion of institutional racism, which implies that the nation as a whole is racist at the core of its laws and society, as I am not aware of any laws or institutions which are motivated racially. However, given that I lack a sophisticated knowledge regarding this issue, I pursued this book with an open mind. I found that throughout Between the World and Me, the perspective that Coates provides
1. What is the discourse community you are studying? The discourse community that I chose was bearded dragons and other animals of similar characteristics. a. What academic majors, departments, and disciplines is it related to?
This rhetorical analysis will identify the types Rhetorical Context use in both article journals. It will also explore and break down the Terminology and Content as well as other aspects.
What is a discourse community? According to John Swales, a respected written communication analyst, a discourse community is described as a group of people that have the same goals or purposes, and use communication to achieve these goals. In addition, “A discourse operates within conventions defined by communities, be they academic disciplines or social groups” (Swales, 119). This is not be confused with a speech community, “a community sharing knowledge of rules for the conduct and interpretation of speech” (Swales 121). In determining whether or not a group is a discourse community, there are several certain rules, rather a list of criteria, in which
This paper discusses racism and the concept of racism with a supportive contemporary media example. Racism is the belief that some racial groups are more physically, intellectually, or culturally superior than other races. It is the idea that one’s own race has the right to dominate other racial groups who are viewed as inferiors. Such racist beliefs often lead to the hatred and intolerance of other races which also lead to abusive or aggressive behavior towards these different races.
Discourses are the “social and cultural practices through which individuals and groups use language to establish their identities…they provide ways of being, thinking, acting and using language so that people can identify themselves in social and cultural networks” Discourses affect peoples views on all things, for example, two different
Racism should also be closely examined as it is perceived as the acceptable norm in the society. The book shows that sometimes it may take ridiculous forms such as refusing to serve ice-cream to a Black family or suddenly dismissing a worker after learning that she was Black and not Hispanic. The author portraits the bigotry of the people who blindly follow the norms.
Racism has been an ongoing social justice issue for decades, and we seem to always fail to make it stop. According to Dummett (as cited in Fernando, 1984), racism is the behaviour and attitude that emerges from our beliefs that certain people are different from us. These differences are mainly based on race, where people come from, physical characteristics, such as colour and hair type or behavioural characteristics, and that people categorized must be treated differently based on their needs, capabilities and rights. Usually there is one dominant and superior group and a few inferior groups (Dummett, as cited in Fernando, 1984). Coates and Morrison (2011) suggests that what we distinguish as real and true may not always be real and that things may not always be as it seems. Coates and Morrison (2011) also states that we live in a racial matrix, where we have this illusion of reality and that differences associated with racial status and hierarchies are perceived as the norm in society and this perception of reality is not easy to get rid of. There are four types of racism; subtle racism, colorism, internalized racism and reverse racism (Nittle, 2016). Racism can be explicit, but it can also be very subtle and covert, which is a huge problem, as most people do not even notice it and they do not realize that it happens on a day-to-day basis (Coates and Morrison, 2011). Racism is not only one problem or concern, as it is brings along a variety of other problems and is compiled
According to Fairclough (1989, 1995), Critical Discourse Analysis is used to analyze communicative events by analyzing the relationship between three dimensions, including the micro dimension, the meso dimension, and the macro dimension.