Convergent Evolution Of Human Evolution

Thesis: Humans are designed to drink human milk, not cow’s milk. Humans should really old drink milk during infancy and that’s because all of the hormones in cow’s milk can cause many health issues.

In order to assess the genetic similarities and differences between the two inflammatory disorders, the researchers obtained 9339 control samples, 8064 samples from people with type 1 diabetes, and 2560 samples from individuals with celiac disease. They found a total of seven regions of a chromosome were shared between the two (University).

According to “Got Lactose?”, cultural behavior affects evolution. In this excerpt, it is shown that cultures that included lactose in their diets, such as European and East African cultures, are lactase persistent in adulthood. Other cultures, such as Asian cultures, that did not include lactose in their diets, did not continue to be lactase persistent in adulthood. This is shown in the example of what happens during a famine. During famine, when milk was a majority source of food, those who could not process lactose died off, leaving those who can process lactose to survive. So now, those there today have the mutation that allows them to process lacto

This chapter beings explaining the evolution of mankind. Prior to 11,000 BCE, all humans were equal. Due to our evolutionary past, we branched off from apes to humans and spread around the world. Nearly 4 million years ago, humans began their mark on earth in Africa. Jared Diamond compares human development on all seven continents about 13,000 years ago. Although many early humans were found primarily in Eurasia and Africa, over time they expanded and gained new territory. The early humans created tools as they evolved, and many became hunter and gatherers. Then, human history made a Great Leap Forward around 40,000 BCE. The Great Leap Forward was when the earliest humans created new technology and exciting innovations that did not exist previously

The opposition for consuming dairy products lies on the notion that the enzyme that is able to digest the lactose sugar, lactase, “grinds to a halt sometime soon after weaning.” This can be believed to be a biological reasoning why we should not consume dairy products after weaning. However, Zuk mentions that there are some humans who are able to break down lactose well after weaning. She also describes that the gene for lactase persistence is a dominant trait. Thus, like we learned in class an organism only needs one copy of the dominant gene for the lactase persistence to occur.

One of the most astonishing things on earth is the human body. They consist of many organs that work together to maintain the person alive. The humans body composition is complex, but what was the origin? How did we become who we are today? These are the questions that intrigued me, and allowed me to understand how the human body evolved over the years. By the examination of our ancestors, and our body we will understand how we look today.

Since the beginning of humans/ mankind breastfeeding has been practiced by mothers. Stevens and colleagues (2009) tell us the following information (pp. 32-39): Since the beginning of humans’ life on Earth, there have always been a number of alternatives used to provide nutrients to infants. For example, in 2000 BC women fed animal milk to their children. More recently, in the 18th century many women were encouraged to stay home, breastfeed, and care for their children and husband (Stevens et al., 2009, 33). Some areas of the world even believed that breast milk provided the child with wisdom. Then in the 19th century, it was a common idea that women were only equipped to breastfeed if she had a good diet, exercised, and was mentally fit, but breastfeeding was highly encouraged. However, European women during this time had wet nurses, or other women that would breastfeed the child that wasn’t biologically theirs (p. 35). People soon began to realize that this was a

Some people have become susceptible to poisoning via fructose, a sugar commonly found in plants (Moalem 3). “One single letter change in a series of billions of letters and you’ve got bones that break with the slightest of pressure. Another small shift and you wouldn’t feel that broken bone at all” (Moalem 171). The examples given in that quote are exceedingly rare mutations. One example of a much more common mutation is a mutation in lactase, an enzyme responsible for the digestion of milk. Production of lactase is typically ceased at about age 4, but some carry a mutation that allows them to digest milk their entire lives (“What is Mutation?” Learn.Genetics). In fact, this mutation is so common here in America that most people find it strange when someone is lactose-intolerant. This mutation in the production of lactase is one commonly found in people of European descent, and everyone in my family carries this mutation.

Human evolution is the process that led to emergence of modern human. The topic focuses on the evolution of primates especially the genus homo, and the emergence of humans as a distinct species of the great apes. The study of human evolution includes physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, paleontology, ethology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and Genetics.

Is it in the processing of the milk or something different? It only makes sense that it has to do with the human’s ability to process the milk. People who are lactose intolerant lack an enzyme called lactase that is found in the digestive system to breakdown lactose. Lactose is a sugar that is found in dairy products most notably milk. There are four types of lactose intolerance and they are Primary Lactase deficiency, secondary lactase deficiency, congenital lactase deficiency and familial lactase deficiency. Primary lactase deficiency is the most common and develops when a person is under 20 years old. Secondary lactase deficiency is when there is a problem with the small intestines and lactase production is very low. Congenital lactase deficiency is caused by a genetic mutation that produces little to no lactase and is inherited from the parents. Finally, familial lactase deficiency means the production of lactase is good but it is not enough to breakdown the lactase into glucose and transmit it into the bloodstream adequately and this is also inherited from parents. Based on this research I am convinced that a large population of the world cannot process milk because they have some form of lactose intolerence given the four possibilities previously stated. Milk still has all the nutrients, calcium and protein to help develop growing children and provide health benefits to humans. Lactose intolerance or the lack of the enzyme causes people to become sick from the consumption of milk and not necessarily milk itself.

The enzyme is initially made by infants, but production is lessened as they reach adulthood. Almost 100% of American and Asian Indians, 50-80% of Hispanics, 60-80% of blacks and Ashkenazi Jews, and 2% of Northern Europeans are affected by lactose intolerance by the time they reach adulthood (“Lactose Intolerance in Children and Adolescents” 3). For infants it is necessary for their diet to have milk, but adults do not require it.

Primary hypolactasia: or primary lactase deficiency, is genetic and only affects adults, caused by the absence of lactase persistence allele. Lactase persistence allows lactose tolerance, and various vastly worldwide

Human evolution is the gradual process in which people, or Homo sapiens, originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence, particularly in the form of fossils and secondary remains, show that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people evolved over a period of approximately six million years. Humans are primates. Both genetic and physical similarities show that humans and the great apes (large apes) of Africa, chimpanzees (including bonobos, or so-called “pygmy chimpanzees”) and gorillas share a common ancestor that lived between 8 and 6 million years ago. The volume of fossils found in Africa suggests that most evolution occurred there and is likely the place of origin for early humans. This brings to fruition the “out of Africa” theory, also called the “single-origin hypothesis.”

Humans have existed on Earth for approximately 3.4 million years. The oldest known human ancestor is "Lucy," an Australopithecus. Over this extensive period of time, humans have evolved significantly. Homo Sapiens have grown from 3 to almost 6 feet (average), lost most of the body hair, became leaner and adapted to walking. Humans have come a long way, from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens, from living in trees to living in cities. Slowly, through hundreds of thousands of years, we mutated over and over again, natural selection ensuring that no destructive mutations continue. From the slow evolution, four distinctive species emerged and died out, each giving way to its ' descendant: Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, Homo Sapiens Neanderthalesis, and Homo sapiens Sapiens.

Human evolution according to research started over 6 million years ago. The outcome of the evolution process is the current human beings. Scientific studies have revealed over the years a remarkable affinity between the chimpanzees/Apes and human beings. Even though this reality is not a definitive prove that human beings evolved from apes, it does show that the human beings are in one way or another related to other primates. Scientists suppose that the humans and the primates shared a common ancestor. The subject of what makes humans what they are and their origin has been the exclusive purpose leading to many scientific studies globally (Coolidge & Wynn, 2011). Studies believe that Africa was the origin of evolution millions of years ago. Fossil remains have been discovered in different parts of Africa as well as other regions of the world. Different hominins have been discovered around the world in the last 1 million years. Thus, the different discoveries have led to comparisons between the various species of hominins to clarify on their similarities as well as differences. This essay seeks to explain whether they were distinctively different species or regional versions of the same species.