Chloroplast Lab Report

The dyes in the laboratory experiment are made of numerous colors, mainly red and blue, the spectra from each of the dyes corresponded to the wavelengths obtained from each of dye i.e. 620 nm for red and 450 nm for blue.

The chloroplast contains the pigment chlorophyll which traps light energy (Yablonski, 16). Chloroplasts give leaves their green color by the pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene and xanthophyll found in chlorophyll; the pigments chlorophyll a and b are separated from the other two pigments through chromatography to determine their absorbance levels (Griffith, 438). These pigments absorb and reflect certain wavelength of the visible spectrum which gives the leaf its green color; it absorbs wavelengths which are red and blue but reflect the yellow and green wavelengths of the spectrum making the leaf appear green in color to the human eye (Glover, et al, 505). Therefore the wavelengths which were reflected make up the colour of the leaves (Glover, et al, 505). This chromatographic separation was conducted to extract the different pigment in the chloroplast extract and to separate each of the different components (Quach, et al, 385). The wavelengths which are absorbed by each chlorophyll pigment are different and are based on the visible spectrum. Chlorophyll a obtains most of its energy from the violet blue, reddish orange and a low amount of the green-yellow-orange wavelengths regions of the visible spectrum compared to chlorophyll b which absorbs all the wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll a (Shibghatallah, et al, 3). From the results in the lab, it can be seen that the absorbance values determined fluctuate a lot, which resulted in a graph with more than one peak and downfalls. The highest peak determined by this experiment occurred at 660 nm for both chlorophylls. This can be confirmed by Schmid and his team who determined that the wavelength of chlorophyll a occurs between 660-680 nm whereas chlorophyll b absorbs wavelengths between 645-660 nm (Schmid, et al, 30). Thus, we can conclude by saying the spectroscopy helped us determine accurate

During photosynthesis, the section that is light dependent stage is in the thylakoids in the Mitochondria of a plant cell, while the light independent stage is in the stroma of the Mitochondria of a plant cell, specifically named the Calvin cycle. The light dependent and light independent stage work together to perform photosynthesis. The light independent gives ATP and NADPH to the light independent stage. In return, the light independent stage gives the light dependent stage NADP+ and ADP. The light dependent stage works in the thylakoids of the Mitochondria in a plant cell. It starts off by light energy being absorbed by photosystem II,

The spectrophotometer measures the absorbance of the solution. For this experiment, the wavelength is set at 447 nm. The particular wavelength is determined because Fe(SCN)2+ absorbs blue light and that is why it has a reddish orange color. Therefore, use the literature value wavelength because it absorbs the most light at the wavelength.

In order to survive, all organisms need to have a source of energy. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use light energy and simple molecules to make chemical energy. The majority of all living things on earth benefit either directly or indirectly from the ability of photoautotrophs to do photosynthesis. Plants provide oxygen to Earth’s atmosphere and all animals, including humans, depend on plant material for food or to feed the food that they ultimately consume. Photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplasts of a eukaryotic cell. Many factors affect the rate of photosynthesis in photoautotrophs including temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, the presence of water, and light intensity.

Based upon the results in experiment 5 the hypothesis for this experiment was not supported because each pigment received a different solubility. To test if solubility was present the pigments would change different colors. In the experiment, the the carotene resulted if having the largest section of pigment a the height of 0.643mm. This explains that each chlorophyll pigment will result in having a different solubility rate. For instance, chlorophyll a and b both received different colors making the hypothesis not true. Chlorophyll a adsorbed green and blue while chlorophyll b absorbed yellow and green. Only sharing a similar color green which is the color of normal chloroplast. The experiment above applies to biology because of the the pigmentation colors absorbed by the sunlight. Biologist can use this data to interpret different solubility rates, which can further into what other types of light conditions will cause the chloroplast pigmentation to be soluble within color change (Gunstream,

Lumens are used to measure light intensity, so the higher number of lumens means the higher the intensity will be. The leaf chads will be placed in bicarbonate water, 10 in each beaker. There will be a total of two beakers. Both of the beakers should be placed the same distance from the light source that they are assigned to for more accurate results. The objective of this lab is to compare the rate of photosynthesis in the leaf chads by looking at the amount of light intensity.

As a control for the effect of temperature, one of the samples was kept at room temperature which is 25° C (Tube 3). Since the experiment we conducted on September 23, 2010 during Biology Lab 101 was conducted at room temperature, we had baseline data for what the rate of photosynthesis at this temperature would be. We concluded that this data could be used as a control to compare the rates of photosynthesis in both our experimental tubes. This tube was housed in a water bath set to 25° C. Contents of this tube included 1 mL of DPID, 1 mL of the buffer solution, 3 mL of water, and 3 drops of chloroplasts.

There are two photosystems, PS I and PS II. PS I has a 700 nm absorbing chlorophyll a P700 molecule at its reaction centre, while PS II has a P680 reaction centre that

Measuring the Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis Introduction Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight. Plants, algae, and some bacteria use the energy captured during photosynthesis for their metabolic reactions. During photosynthesis in plants, chlorophyll and enzymes in leaves convert certain wavelengths of light into chemical energy. A simple equation can be used to represent photosynthesis. Enzymes and Chlorophyll light energy CO2 H2O carbohydrate O2

After 20 minutes, set the wavelength (λ) to 405nm. Keep the pH at a constant of 8 and the temperature at a constant of 37°C. Use a blank, and place inside the spectrophotometer. By doing this you are making the absorbance reading zero as to get future accurate absorbency readings. Prepare 9 test tubes (cleaned and dried) according to the table

Experiment 1 Question: The main question that was addressed in the first experiment (Parts I and II) was which cell fraction had the most photosystem activity, which would be proportional to the number of chloroplasts present in the cell fraction. Photosystem activity is proportional to the number of chloroplasts since the photosystems are active in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts (Leicht and mcallister 2016). The amount of photosystem activity would be seen in the relative absorbance values for each cell fraction under the given light conditions. The absorbance would decrease as the DCIP electron acceptor (which is blue when oxidized) gets reduced (which is colorless). “The amount of color change is expected to be proportional to the number of functional photosystems, which in turn is proportional to the number of intact chloroplasts” (Leicht and mcallister 2016). We knew that chloroplasts were required for photosystem activity, but we

An analytical wavelength was the wavelength at which a color of the visible light spectrum will experience the strongest absorption, and the less diluted solutions with higher concentrations will absorb more of the transmitted light. Once the B1 and R3 dyes have their absorbencies calculated, the experiments can then attempt to answer the guiding question, “how could you make 1-L of Pirate-Purple dye solution?” The guiding question was related to the background information because the background information was necessary to use absorbency and molarity to understand how to make 1-L of Pirate-Purple dye solution. Absorbency can be used to find molarity by using an equation for the slope of a graph made during the pre-lab which describes the relationship between concentration and absorbency, the equation was ( y=m(x)+b). In the equation,

The purpose of this lab was to identify the requirements and products of the photochemical reactions of photosynthesis by specifically looking at the effects of light intensity, light wavelength, and the activity of photosynthetic pigments. Photosynthesis is amongst the most important biochemical processes on earth because it is how the biosphere gets its chemical energy, which is fixed from solar energy. Photochemical, or light, reactions are light dependent and instantaneous reactions that capture energy and split water molecules to release oxygen. They also activate the electron transport chain. In the first experiment, our hypothesis was that the medium light position, 30 cm away, would have the greatest absorption because it is not too close or too far from the light source for absorption. In the second

Following, placing the Gatorade sample into a cuvet and place it in the spectrometer and look for the wavelength that was recorded in the stock dye samples