Chhi 301 Paper 2

During the late 14th century and the early 15th century there was a great division in the Catholic Church. The Papacy was becoming blurred. The center of the Roman Catholic Church had been moved from Rome to the city of Avignon during the reign of Pope Clement V; and there was now a movement to return the center of power back to Rome. This movement was first truly seen under Pope Gregory XI and his successor Pope Urban VI. Earlier Pope Urban V had moved the center to Rome but it had been proven to be no more than a temporary idea; he had gone back to Avignon to die and there his replacement, Pope Gregory XI was elected . This along with other political problems and circumstances created a split in the loyalty among

Pope Urban II only has to look to Spain. Recall that the Vikings influx of Europe had just ended

Pope John XXIII played a vital role in shaping Christianity as we know it today. He contributed socially, politically and liturgically and was a major influence in the establishment of ecumenism and interfaith dialogue between other churches and religions. He advocated Christian unity, social justice, human rights and the promotion of world peace, and his openness to all people led to him obtaining the name “Good Pope John”.

The papacy assumed so much power in the 1200 because it had gained loyalty from a great amount of people for practical purposes.With a lot of people showing loyalty and trust towards the Papacy, it was able to expands its power over Europe. Since the papacy was the most influential and advanced government during its time it had “legislative power, law courts, bureaucracy, formal procedures, written records and considerable incomes from fees,

Emperor Alexius I Comnenus asked Pope Urban II to help defend the Byzantine Empire in 1095 CE. The Pope agreed because he wanted to secure his own power over the church and called a military expedition to conquer the Holy Land.

In 1095, Emperor Alexius I Comnenus appealed to Pope Urban II for help in defending the Byzantine Empire. The Pope eager to secure his

The Lay Investiture struggle was between the people of the Church and the rulers of Europe. The rulers wanted to have power over the church which would require the church officials to become dependent upon the government. Not only would the pope and the other officials of the church not have their independence in the church but also the land and religious offices would be at stake.

In the advent of time, the church played a critical role in shaping the government administration. The church leaders anointed the rulers. In turn, the rulers influenced the assignment of some offices to the clergy. However, from the 10th century, the interaction between the church and the state took a different turn when the state felt that the rein of the papacy threatened its foundation. The state began undermining the church in a bid to wane its influence.

Rulers acted on their own accord, using an agenda that was separate from that of the Pope’s. Some Kings were known to rebel against the Pope’s decrees and Christian rules, which shows the minimal influence the Popes had. A prime example of this

2. In 1095 Emperor Alexius I Comnenus appealed to Pope Urban II to help defend the Byzantine Empire.

In the eyes from the pope, he thought of the church threatened both its political and religious unity. Now the cardinals that were representing both popes convinced another council on their own authority in Pisa in the year 1409. There is when they deposed both the Roman and the Avignon popes and elected a singular pope, Alexander V. Then the council said that neither pope accepted its action, and Christendom suddenly faced the spectacle of three contending popes. This Pisan successor John XXIII, the popes from Rome and Avignon refused to step down from the

It was 312 A.D. the period of the Persecuted Church was coming to an end. Constantine dream in which “he claimed to have seen in the sky a shining cross bearing the motto, “Hoc Signo Vinces – “ By this sign thou shalt conquer,” (Hurlbut 58, 59) proved true. At the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, Constantine defeated his archenemy Maxentius, “In 313 A.D. Constantine’s Edict of Toleration officially put an end to the persecutions” (Hurlbut 59). The edict brought much positive and negative change both to the church and the state. At that time, new doctrines and heresies threatened to divide the church. When these controversies surfaced, great men such as Athanasius defended the Faith, even if it meant putting

July 6, 1054 was rapidly approaching, and the Christian world was about to experience a major event on the road to a schism that continues to our day — the divide between the Western and Eastern Christian churches. The central actors in the looming conflict were Michael Cerularius, the patriarch of Constantinople,1 and Leo IX, the bishop or pope in Rome.

The role of the Pope changed in the 1800s. The Catholic Church was severely had a cut to power starting with the Unification of Italy. King Victor Emmanuel II was apart of the Kingdom of Sardinia. The person that helped him take over Italy was the Prime Minister Camille Cavour. A key person In the Unification of Rome other than the two who wanted to control it is Pope Pius IX who technically still wanted to control it. He owned the Papal States where the Vatican Council was held. The citizens under the Pope’s rule did not was to be. They hoped to be taken over. The Pope fortified himself in the walls of Vatican City as Victor Emmanuel tried to come to an agreement, he as a Catholic didn't want violence with the Pope. The Pope then called himself

St. Zacharias became the Pope in 741 A.D and sent a papal envoy to an emperor named, Constantine V. Constantine V was overthrown by his brother-in-law before the envoy reached him. After he regained his throne, the papal envoy gave him the message that St. Zacharias sent. It encouraged Constantine V to restore