Bk Virus Research Paper

Antivirals are the treatment for HIV and presently there is no known cure. Treatment most often involves combinations of different drugs to avoid creating strains of the virus that are immune to single drug treatments (Mayo Clinic, 2013). The number of CD4 or T cells monitors treatment response. The viral load should be undetectable while undergoing antiviral therapy. The count is checked when treatment starts and usually monitored every 3-6 months. Even if someone has an undetectable viral load, the spreading of HIV is still a possibility.

As a facultative anaerobe, Klebsiella is usually found in human intestines or stool, where it is harmless. However, it has recently become a more important pathogen if it gets in the respiratory tract or bloodstream of a person with poor health or a compromised immune system (Guentzel, ). It commonly causes nosocomial, or hospital-acquired infections, which are contracted through the contaminated hands of healthcare workers, catheters or other equipment that is not sterile. These infections normally occur in patients that are being treated in the hospital for some other reason. Some examples of Klebsiella induced syndromes are Urinary Tract Infections, bacteremia, pneumonia, diarrhea, meningitis and osteomyelitis. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Health (2017), the mortality rate of a Klebsiella infection is around ninety percent in most countries. Additionally, it has become increasingly hard to treat infections caused by Klebsiella due to its ability to resist certain

This condition is diagnosed with a physical exam and medical history. Sometimes X-rays are also done.

It is a virus that desecrates immune systems and can slowly creep upon its victim due to its potential ten year incubation period. You might contract the disease and not even know it. The virus kills by destroying all your disease fighting T cells, leaving your body powerless to foreign pathogens that we are surrounded by everyday.

Some viruses also have an outer bag of lipo-protein called an envelope. After a virus attaches to a living cell, it either enters the cell to release the genetic information, or, the virus injects the information through the cells outer lining. Thus changing the cells natural functions and forcing the cell to spend its energy to create copies of the virus. The cell will go on making copies of the virus until the cell is used up and dies. The virus then leaves the dead cell and invades a nearby cell and the process starts all over. There are five types of human herpes virus: Varicella zoster which causes chickenpox, Epstein Barr virus which causes infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus which can cause cytomegalic inclusion disease in infants, and herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2.

CKD will cause the body to retain many excess fluids and waste that are normally filtered out to prevent internal harm throughout the body. With kidney disease there will be a rise in blood pressure due to the amount of extra fluid that is retained in the blood vessels. This fluid retention will cause the passageways to become narrow and make blood passage through the vessels increasingly difficult, in turn causing an increase in blood pressure. There will also be an increase in protein and blood found in the urine because it is not filtered out properly by the kidneys. Swelling will occur in the extremities and around the eyes because of the fluid retention as well. The longer the urine goes unfiltered the harder it may become to urinate due to pain or blockage or there may be more frequent night time urination (The National Kidney Foundation, 12).

Parvovirus B19 is a virus that commonly infects humans. The mode of transmission is through droplet infection. The infection also can be spread through contact, as well as transmitted from a woman to her fetus. The most common illness caused by B19 is the fifth disease, which is a mild, rash illness occurred mostly in children. About 20 percent of children with this disease has no symptoms. But, in others, early in the infection there may be cold like symptoms. Two to five days later the child typically develops a slapped cheek rash on the face and a lacy red rash on the trunk and limbs. The child may not feel very sick even though the rash is itchy. The rash disappears after seven to ten days, but it can come and go for several weeks, especially

Primary HIV infection is the first stage and only lasts for a few weeks. Flu-like illnesses may be present during this stage. The second stage is known as clinically asymptomatic stage and typically lasts for an average of ten years. Although major symptoms might not exist during this stage, the HIV-positive person may experience swollen glands. Symptomatic HIV infection is the third stage. As the immune system continues to fail, symptoms surface and become miniscule at first then later leading to more prevalent symptoms. This third stage is generally caused by illnesses, involving cancers and infections, which the immune system would normally fight off but is not able to because the immune system is too weak. Finally, AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, develops and is the final stage of HIV. A person is diagnosed with AIDS when they show the symptom called an opportunistic infection. This is when infections take advantage of the weakened immune system. HIV leads into life threatening AIDS and causes the infected individual to feel escalating amounts of pain such as neurotic pain, tremendous headaches, gastrointestinal pain, chest pain, and even emotional pain such as depression. This pain can be intense enough to cease the individual from living a productively normal life. HIV and AIDS can strike anyone at any point in their life and should be taken seriously.

Much of the work characterizing the immune response to KSHV and EBV has been done in vitro. A critical barrier in the gammaherpesvirus field is the lack of an in vivo immune system to study KSHV and EBV infection in the laboratory. To investigate how gammaherpesviruses interacts and modulates the immune response in vivo, a closely related murine gammaherpesvirus, MHV-68, is used as a laboratory model system. MHV-68 consists of 80 genes and is genetically more homologous to KSHV than EBV. 60 open reading frames (ORFs) in MHV-68 are homologous to KSHV. The replication lifecycle of MHV-68 mirrors human herpesviruses, with primary lytic infection in the lungs, latency establishment and maintenance in the spleen, and viral reactivation mechanisms. While lytic replication is resolved, the virus is able evade immune detection and persist in the host by establishing latency. Viral latency in B cells is the critical event associated with

The virus gets to a point in which it has infected the body enough that the

To begin, understand that feline panleukopenia is named for what the parvovirus does- depletes the quantity of white blood cells, weakening the immune system. Feline panleukopenia virus, depends on cells in the S phase for replication of the virus, resulting in an affinity for cells such as those found in the digestive tract, lymphoid tissues and bone marrow which are rapidly and frequently

Parvovirus B19 infection in solid organ transplanted recipient is an underdiagnosed entity. It is usually responsible for unexplained acute and chronic red blood cell aplasia not responding to erythropoietin therapy. Cases of Parvovirus B19 infection associated with pancytopenia, solid organ dysfunction, and allograft rejection have been also described in the literature. Deterioration of the immune system as a result of the severe immunotherapy favors reactivation of an old infection or acquirement of a new one. We present a case of a 32-year-old woman with one-year history of renal allograft transplant and previous cytomegalovirus infection who presented with chest pain, polyarthritis, pancytopenia and renal dysfunction. Serology for Parvovirus showed a titer of 13.8 trillion IU/ml and CMV 800 IU/ml. Renal biopsy revealed nucleomegaly with focal viral inclusions, along with changes associated with immunotherapy toxicity. Electron microscopy showed capillary and tubular epithelial cells “viral factories” confirming the diagnosis. We conclude that screening for parvovirus B19 should be advised in high risk cases who present with refractory anemia to avoid complication of the chronic infection as fatal rejection of the transplanted organ.

to the patients.21 For example, BK viral occurs ''in the urine and can cause inflammation and

HIV is global pandemic stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, weakens the immune system by destroying the important cells in our body that fights against disease and infection. Our immune system is able to clear out most of the viruses from our body, but once you have HIV , you have it for lifelong. HIV can hide in our body cells for long time and it can attack the T cells and CD4 cells, a key part of our immune system to fight infections and diseases. Overtime, the HIV may attack so many of CD4 cells and our body is no more able to fight against infections. When this happens, HIV can lead to AIDS, the final stage of HIV infection. HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact, injection or drug use, pregnancy, breast feeding, occupational exposure, and rarely through blood transfusion and organ

immune system keeps the virus inactive, but it is possible for the virus to reactivate and cause a