Bipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )

Many researchers have conducted family studies to determine that bipolar disorder is drawn via genetic endowment (Goodwin and Jamison, 1990) bipolar disorder studies inform us the aetiology includes genetic variants that increase an individual’s susceptibility to bipolar disorder. The research undertaken by Antypa et al. (2014) and Baum et al. (2008) emphasized the importance of evaluating individuals risk of bipolar

There is no known specific pathophysiology that is associated with Bipolar spectrum disorder, nonetheless, it’s thought that this disorder arises from many areas such as, genetic, physiological, environmental, epigenetics and psychosocial

Bipolar disorder affects approximately 3 million American adults each year. Although there are many suffering from the disorder, doctors are still uncertain as to what causes bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder can be found in men and women equally. In most cases, it begins between ages 15 – 25 but it is usually initially misdiagnosed in younger patients. The precise cause is still unknown, but due to the fact that, “two-thirds of bipolar patients have a family history of affective or emotional disorders, researchers have searched for a genetic link to the disorder” (Ford-Martin & Olde, 2005, p.229). Studies have discovered numerous potential genetic connections to the tendency for bipolar disorder. Another possible biological cause under investigation is the existence of an extreme calcium build-up in the cells of bipolar patients. Also, dopamine and other neurochemical transmitters are being investigated, as they seem to be connected to bipolar disorder (Basile, 2005, p.167).

Approximately 0.5-1 percent of Americans will develop bipolar II disorder in their lifetime, worldwide the prevalence is 0.4 percent (Rosenberg & Kosslyn, 2011). Bipolar disorder is one of the main causes of disability, because of its cognitive and functional impairment, the high rate of medical and psychiatric comorbidity, and the relevant suicide risk (Dell 'Osso, et al., 2016). Bipolar II disorder is one of the two most commonly diagnosed subtypes of Bipolar disorder, which are distinguished by the amount of burden the depression causes, the number, frequency, duration, and severity of the depressive episodes, and the occurrence of specific sub threshold episodes (Dell 'Osso, et al., 2016). Although bipolar II disorder diagnosis are on the rise we lack extensive research on the features and treatments of this disorder (Datto, Pottorf, Feeley, Laporte, & Liss, 2016). Bipolar II disorder is now recognized in the latest Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) under a new chapter dedicated specifically to bipolar disorders. Which proves that bipolar disorders are their own set of disorders in terms of symptomatology, family history, and genetics (Möller, et al., 2014). This allows an enhancement in the accuracy of diagnosis, which in turn leads to earlier treatment. In the DSM-5 it states that bipolar II disorder can lead to effects such as disability, comorbidity, mortality, and an impact on the quality of life (Datto, Pottorf,

Separately, substance abuse and bipolar disorder are two very serious conditions, and both have been proven to be caused in part by heredity. Shockingly, co-occurrence of both disorders in a single person is a very common combination, and it can be very dangerous. People who have both bipolar disorder and an addiction are understood to have a “dual-diagnosis” or “genetic overlap”. Often, each condition can worsen the symptoms of the other; having both problems increases the risk of mood swings, depression, suicide, and other violent behavior. Studies are still being done to determine the linkage between these two genetic ailments, but it is obvious that there has to be some relationship.

In our society creativity is highly valued and priced; Although creativity and bipolar disorders may have a relationship, being affected by this devastating disorder don’t represent a give because bipolar disorder as any other mental illness bring suffering rather than accomplishment. It is possible that creativity and bipolar disorders are linked to a genetic factor that could be passed from one generation to another. In order to find answers to this enigma, it may be helpful to study creativity in individuals before they show symptoms of BD, this will tell us if mania or hypomania is a key point in the development of a creative mind.

Genetic: Bipolar disorder tends to run in families, so researchers believe there is a genetic predisposition for the disorder. Scientists also are exploring the presence of abnormalities on specific genes.

Bipolar disorder also known as manic depressive illness is a brain disorder that causes shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out everyday task (National Institute of Mental Health, 2016). Every year, 2.9% of the U.S population is diagnosed with bipolar disorder, with nearly 83% of causes being classified as severe (NAMI). According to Miller, Ghadiali, Larusso, Wahlen, Ani-Barron, Mittal, Greene (2015), bipolar disorder is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Most people that experience this disorder experience highs and lows of the illness. In this paper, various components of bipolar disorder will be discussed. The components include: population dynamics, physical illnesses that accompany the disorder, risk factors and social determinants, treatment, prevention, health promotion, and cultural differences found globally.

Family studies that Zandi and his research team have begun to conduct are beginning to look promising. His team has identified the response of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), which was laying in the gene PPARD of a specific chromosome. After finding the first SNP, researchers were able to match its response to another SNP which had previously been identified as a bipolar cohort. Evertually they were able to locate four more associated with bipolar disorder, all of which were located on a single haplotype block, a combination of SNP’s, on gene PPARD. SNP’s are differences between DNA sequences that allow for genetic variations among humans. SNP’s are extremely difficult to identify, however new technologies have led to more recent discoveries. In the near future, as we gain more knowledge about them, SNP’s will allow researchers to revolutionize their ability to detect diseases, and develop preventative and curative medicine.

The severe mood fluctuations of bipolar or manic-depressive disorders have been around since the 16-century and affect little more than 2% of the population in both sexes, all races, and all parts of the world (Harmon 3). Researchers think that the cause is genetic, but it is still unknown. The one fact of which we are painfully aware of is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its' victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because the symptoms of bipolar disorder are so debilitation, it is crucial that we search for possible treatments and cures.

Multiple psychiatric comorbidities, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as anxiety, interfere with diagnosis and treatment and likely contribute to increased disease morbidity and mortality in general and to increased suicide risk in particular (Maletic, 2014). Bipolar disorder is also thought to have a genetic component as this disorder tends to run in families (Bipolar Disorder, 2014). Knowing that there may be a genetic component could help potentially diagnose sufferers of this disorder sooner than later. Granting, bipolar disorder cannot be cured there are many medications that can be used to treat this disorder so that the person affected by this disorder can life a functional

First, the individuals who are tested for bipolar disorder are typically those who are over the age of 18, meaning that a large amount of people who have bipolar disorder are not actually diagnosed, or their information has not been aggregated. Therefore, the actual total number of people who have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder could very well reach higher to an estimated five percent of the population (Van Meter, Moreira, Youngstrom, 2011, p. 1254). The overall ailment typically manifests before the age of 25, and then an individual begins experiencing a variety of symptoms that make one’s mental health difficult to

Also crucial to the examination and identification of a prodromal phase indicative of BPD is the heritability of BPD. Offspring of parents with Bipolar Disorder are more likely than offspring of normal parents to develop Bipolar Disorder. The genetic component of Bipolar Disorder increases the likelihood of the heritability of Bipolar Disorder which is 59% amongst offspring of parents with BPD (Lichtenstein, Yip, Björk, Pawitan, Cannon, Sullivan, & Hultman 2009). In a study conducted in Sweden by Lichtenstein, Yip, Björk, Pawitan, Cannon, Sullivan, & Hultman (2009), a cohort of children with relatives who have a diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder or Schizophrenia, respectively, were analyzed in terms of whether or not they developed the disorder. This cohort was obtained by linking two Swedish national registers which contain information about first-degree relatives. A hospital discharge register was also examined to obtain information about patients’ diagnoses and psychiatric admissions. Researchers found that Bipolar Disorder shared genetic effects in common with another disorder and non-shared environmental effects played a large role in the acquisition of BPD (Lichtenstein et al 2009). A genetic