Annotated Bibliography On Sex Trafficking

Each year almost 800,000 women and young children are being trafficked across the borders. This happens in public and private locations (“Sex”). Women and young girls all together make up 98% of the victims of trafficking for sexual abuse. Sex trafficking is illegal in every country in the world. Woman being held as sex slaves is the fastest growing criminal activity in the world (Globa.).

Human trafficking is being discussed more heavily this day and age due to its increasing prevalence in the U.S. It is a modern-day slavery that involves someone monitoring and directing business that spawns millions of dollars a year. Human trafficking is illegal in all states. In the article (Un)Popular Strangers and Crises (Un)Bounded: Discourse of Sex-Trafficking, the European Political Community and the Panicked state of the Modern State written by Jacqueline Berman (2003), trafficking in women is described as a worldwide problem that often involves many difficult, global criminal elements. This article fits into criminal justice because sex trafficking is a heinous crime that strips women and children of their innocence and right to self-determination. Victims are innocent because they have been kidnapped and forced into prostitution.

Human trafficking, a form of modern-day slavery, is the third largest money making venture in the world; 2.5 million out of 8.1 million of forced labor are sex trafficked and 1.7 million of women and girls are in commercial sexual exploitation (Stone 320). When it comes to human trafficking, it can happen to anyone and anywhere. Many female victims are sexually exploited because women and girls under the age of 18 are lured and misled by promises of employment, leaving their home and consideration that they will have a better life and finding themselves in sexual slavery and fear (“What Is”). Most sex-trafficked victims are unable to escape, but when they do, they use their voices to share their horrid experiences and how it has affected them.

“Each year, an estimated 800,000 women and children are trafficked across international borders-though additional numbers of women and girls are trafficked within countries (Soroptimist).” Sex trafficking is when females are sexually exploited for the intention of forced sex. The pimps who exploit these people earn money in return. There is sexual exploitation that occurs through commercialization such as pornography and prostitution. Sex trafficking does not only occur for women and girls, there is a small population of men and boys in this industry. There has been an increase in sexual trafficked victims in Europe. Over 30,146 people have been registered as victims of human trafficking and 69% of these 30,146 people are sexually exploited

Worldwide human trafficking affects 1,000,000 people each year and between 20,000 and 50,00 just in the United States. According to data victim 's are 80% female and half are children.”Many victims are runaway girls who were sexually abused as children.”(11 facts) . The United States is considered one of the main locations for victims for trade in the sex-trafficking industry. In countries such as Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa victims seek options for a better life via the internet, employment agencies or even local residents. Many victims are unaware of the conditions to which they are being recruited for nor do they understand the consequences of human trafficking. The ‘lover boy’ effect is when a girl is approached by a man and the man acts as the girl’s boyfriend and gains her trust by buying things. Then the ‘lover boy’; the recruiter, would ask the girl to meet his ‘friend’; which is the trafficker. “They look for people who are susceptible for a variety of reasons, including psychological or emotional vulnerability, economic hardship, lack of a social safety net, natural disasters, or political instability.”(What is Human Trafficking Homeland)

Worldwide human trafficking affects 1,000,000 people each year and between 20,000 and 50,00 just in the United States. According to data victim 's are 80% female and half are children.”Many victims are runaway girls who were sexually abused as children.”(11 facts) . The United States is considered one of the main locations for victims for trade in the sex-trafficking industry. In countries such as Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa victims seek options for a better life via the internet, employment agencies or even local residents. Many victims are unaware of the conditions to which they are being recruited for nor do they understand the consequences of human trafficking. The ‘lover boy’ effect is when a girl is approached by a man and the man acts as the girl’s boyfriend and gains her trust by buying things. Then the ‘lover boy’; the recruiter, would ask the girl to meet his ‘friend’; which is the trafficker. “They look for people who are susceptible for a variety of reasons, including psychological or emotional vulnerability, economic hardship, lack of a social safety net, natural disasters, or political instability.”(What is Human Trafficking Homeland)

Sex trafficking is a modern form of slavery that exist globally. It involves violence, threats, lies, debt, bondage, and other forms of coercion to force children and adults. In North America it is illegal, but that doesn’t stop

Introduction & Historical Background. First off, prostitution has existed even before Christ set foot on this earth. The term is beyond ancient and has a long-term historic footprint around the world. Over the years women have a long history being apart of sex trafficking whether it’s self volunteered or forcefully. Regardless of the laws that have been established to help decrease to eliminate what is still becoming a hot topic problem in the United States and around the globe, human trafficking is still among us today. My goal in this paper is to emphasize on the importance of eliminating women and children solicitation in the black market. Consequently, human trafficking has forcefully placed women from around the world in this sex trade for many years, losing everything from there money, children, self respect and dignity.

In modern day, Human-trafficking is a persistent issue affecting lives of many individuals across many ethnicities, religion, gender, and so forth. Human-trafficking is precisely defined as, “the action or practice of illegally transporting people from one country or area to another, typically for the purposes of forced labour or commercial sexual exploitation.” It is estimated that eighty percent of trafficking involves sexual exploitation whereas nineteen percent is labour exploitation with a startling number of twenty to thirty million being trafficked across the world today (Dosomething). This further led me to research the complexity of human-trafficking. As a female who is the primary target of such crimes, I wanted to not only figure out why this crime thrives but also what we can do to eliminate it.

Human trafficking has become a major problem worldwide which affects many people. An estimated 600-800 thousand people are moved unwillingly between international borders each year (Kristof, et al, pg. 10). There is an even larger number of 12.3 million people who are estimated to be forced to work in agriculture, manufacturing, and the sex trade (Shepherd, pg. 94). A majority of the people forced into labor, especially into the sex trade, are children, most of which are women, at an estimated 1 million children per year (Kristof, pg. 9). There is a large amount of violence and abuse involved in sex slavery, many times leading to death. Globalization seems to have played a major role in the rise of sex slavery and the sex trade but

Trafficking in human beings is not a new phenomenon, especially that of girls and women. Historically, sex trafficking has taken many forms, however, in the context of globalization it has taken in a new and acquired shocking dimension (Moore, 2015). The sex trafficking is a complex, and multifaceted phenomenon that involves multiple stakeholders at the commercial as well as institutional level. The market has changed into a demand-driven global business, which has a huge market for commercial sex as well as cheap labor that is confronted with insufficient and unexercised policy frameworks which has trained personnel in order to prevent it (Goodey, 2003).

The prevalence of rape is a major social problem that plagues America and other countries around the world daily. Victims of rape are psychologically, and sometimes physically damaged from being sexually assaulted. Although it would seem that it is a sexually motivated crime, rape “is actually an act of violence in which sex is used as a weapon against a powerless victim” (Kendall 197). Neither rapists, nor rape victims are concentrated to one specific class or race. However, “American women aged 16–24 are considered to be at the greatest risk of sexual assault” (Aronowitz, Lambert, and Davidoff 173). The majority of rapists are age twenty-five and younger. Almost all rape cases have female victims with male offenders. Men account for only 10% of all rape victims, and in some cases their rapist is also male. In regards to statistics, rape appears rare because of victims’ fears that they will not be believed, or have stigmas about rape now attached to them(Egan and Wilson 345).

Trafficking of persons is defined by the United Nations protocol to Prevent, Supress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children as “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation” (Acharya & Clark, 2010). According to Kaye, Winterdyk & Quarterman (2014) and Perry & McEwing (2013), human trafficking is the second largest source of illegal revenue and the most profitable organized criminal activity in the world. It is therefore a threat to international security and a violation of human rights hence requires close cooperation both at the international and regional level through combined efforts by the governments, law enforcement agencies, local authorities, civil society, the private sector and the media in order to successfully fight trafficking in human beings (Oguz, 2012 & Kaye et al., 2014). Often young women and girls from desperately poor families and in cultures where females are expected to sacrifice themselves in the global South and East are victims of the sex trade (Doezema, 2001).

The introduction contains a considerable amount of other studies, which give reader a profound understanding of sex trafficking. The quality and sufficiency of the literature review with many references build up on researchers expertise and skills in such field. Importantly, the arguments used in the introduction are well balanced, which supports researcher 's objectivity.

Sex trafficking is a modern-day form of slavery that involves the illegal trade of human beings for some form of sexual exploitation. Crimes under the umbrella of sex trafficking are defined in three ways: acquisition, movement, and exploitation, and include child sex tourism (CST) and prostitution (Hammond & McGlone, 2014). In a 2014 report, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimated that there are approximately 800,000 people trafficked across international borders annually, of which 80% are women or girls and 50% are minors, with an average age of 13. This form of coerced sexual abuse has come to be considered the world’s second largest criminal industry - and the fastest growing - currently worth a whopping US $32 billion.