Part 3
Valuation of Securities
Chapters in this Part
Chapter 6
Interest Rates and Bond Valuation
Chapter 7
Stock Valuation
Integrative Case 3: Encore International
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Chapter 6
Interest Rates and Bond Valuation
Instructor’s Resources
Overview
This chapter begins with a thorough discussion of interest rates, yield curves, and their relationship to required returns. Features of the major types of bond issues are presented along with their legal issues, risk characteristics, and indenture convents. The chapter then introduces students to the important concept of valuation and demonstrates the impact of cash flows, timing, and risk on value. It explains
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We are informed that $383 billion is the 2009 interest expense and that the national debt was about $12 trillion in 2009 (i.e., $13 trillion less more than $1 trillion accrued in 2009). Division of the interest payment by the total debt results in an interest rate of
3.19 percent (i.e., $383 billion ÷ $12 trillion). Assuming the Treasuries are priced at par, one ends up with $31.90 per thousand being the annual payment needed to result in Treasuries being priced at par.
If interest rates rise by 1% to 4.19 percent, the price of the federal debt would fall to $955.71, as computed below.
N = 5, I = 4.19, PMT = 31.9, and FV = $1,000
Solve for PV = $955.71
The drop in Treasury values would be about 4.4 percent. This would decrease the size of the federal debt by $572 billion (0.044 × $13 trillion). Hence, if one considers the size of the current federal budget deficit in isolation, there is an incentive for the government to pursue policies which will lead to higher inflation. However, higher prices will lead to higher future costs for goods and services purchased by the government and an increase in the cost of entitlements, making proper use of interest rates to properly manage the federal budget difficult, complicated, and, alas, political.
Answers to Review Questions
1. The real rate of interest is the rate that creates an equilibrium between the supply of savings and demand for investment funds. The nominal
* Interest rate had a 125bp spread over the current yield on 10-year US Treasury bonds (=4.25%).
academic year interest rate of 3.76 percent would pay a 5,032 dollars interest over 10 years,
The amount of money that the United States government owes as of October 17, 2004 at 03:48:52 pm GMT was $7,435,016,998.21. The debt has increased by an average of $1.7 billion per day since September 30, 2003! From a more individual perspective, currently the United States population is roughly around
Currently, the United States owes approximately $19 trillion in National Debt. It is owed to Mutual funds, pension funds, foreign governments, foreign investors, American investors and many others. From the year 1959 to 2015, the United States debt has gone up by around 7554% from the debt in 1959 starting at $285 billion. The debt itself has increased by around 9 trillion since Barack Obama has taken the Presidential office in 2009. Everything has been done to increase national debt, but nothing has been made to reduce the national debt.
As with most loans, the US national debt comes with an interest. Interest paid for the debt in 2009 is $383 billion dollars, or about 20 percent of the country’s total tax revenues (“Financial Audit: Bureau of the Public Debt’s Fiscal Years 2009 and 2008 Schedules of Federal
The key claim presented by, The Week states, “six factors that hit the nation’s bottom line,” causing the national debt. Although the focus was on a debt had already developed, sighting a move from $5.8 trillion (2001) to 14.3 trillion (2011). The evidence to support this claim sums up only $5.7 trillion
The annual budget for the Federal Government is $2.34 trillion dollars a year. Our Gross Domestic Product is an amazing $12 trillion dollars a year (Johnson 2005). This means that the $41 billion dollars is a simple 1.7 percent of the budget, and just 0.34 percent of the Gross National Product.
At the beginning of President Obama’s term the federal deficit was nothing new. When the Obama Administration took control of the White House the federal deficit was at $11.657 trillion dollars. This was a dismal point to start at, but it has only gotten worse throughout his term in office with the federal deficit now at over $17 trillion dollars as his second term comes to an end. (About 1) Current debt increases is working on
The ratio of government debt held by the public to current dollar gross domestic product is 70 percent but the ratio of total debt including intergovernmental holdings to GDP is 102 percent (Bureau of Economic
The National Debt consists of the total debt accrued by local, state and federal. Public debt is essentially the federal debt, thus compiling the staggering number that already exists. The debt deficit to me is astonishing. Currently, the total public debt in the United States, as of December 16, 2015, is $18,788,138,221,346.49. This includes $13,600,726,418,253.26 debt held by the public and $5,187,411,803,093.23 by intergovernmental holdings (usgovermentdebt, 2015). High GPD is not anything new to the United States. The all-time high was 121.70 percent ($18827323.00) in 1946 and a record low of 31.70 ($253400.00) percent in 1974 (United States Government Debt to GDP, 2015). The way we are spending, and the debt we are accruing, it would
Currently, the 10-year nominal interest rate and the 10-year TIPS rate are historically low. The Fed has claimed that its aggressive monetary policy is responsible for these interest rates and that its fiscal policy is currently restrictive, which means that the government is trying to reduce spending or raise taxes in order to decrease the deficit. This paper will analyze the government’s claims using the models and theories discussed in the’ Financial Markets’ lectures over the course of the past month.
10) The term structure of interest rates is a graphical presentation of the relationship between the
As mentioned above, one of the purpose for this research is finding what led to an accumulation of deficit that turned into a huge national debt. The U.S. national debt will be defined as the sum of all outstanding debt owed by the Federal Government. Despite the United States having the largest debt burden in the world, I will keep in account that there were some precipitating events which contributed greatly.
The research question addressed by this article is “what is the effect of both implicit and explicit debt on long-term interest rates?” The study seeks to find the effects of implicit and explicit debt, and while most studies have focused on explicit debt this study takes an in depth look at the implicit debt and the impact it has on interest rates. Using VAR analyses, the authors find
Suppose there are no transaction cost, the value of government bonds does not change very much, the notional amount is 1 billion US dollars.