sujan lab 4

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Toronto Metropolitan University *

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502

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Civil Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science Department of Civil Engineering Course Number CVL 502 Course Title Hydraulics Engineering Semester/Year Semester 4 Instructor Soheil Kashi Section No. 1 Submission Date March 12, 2022 Due Date March 13, 2022 Lab No. 4 Assignment Title Energy Losses in Bends Name Student ID Signature* Derek wong xxxx28889 Fouad Daoud xxxx76647 Brian Anton Vimalathas xxxx32668 Daniel Prive xxxx94185 DP (Note: remove the first 4 digits from your student ID) *By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of Academic Misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties, as well as a Disciplinary Notice on your academic record under the Student Code of Academic Conduct, which can be found online at: www.ryerson.ca/senate/current/pol60.pdf

Abstract This experiment was conducted to determine the loss factors for different types of pipe bends and fittings. Manometer readings were taken to determine head loss for different pipe fittings such as elbow, short bend, long bend, mitre, enlargement and contraction. The volume of water collected per minute was measured. This was then used to calculate the flow rates, velocities, and ultimately the loss coefficients for each of the different fittings. The head loss was plotted against the dynamic head and the loss coefficient was plotted against the volume flow, for different fittings. This data confirmed that the head loss is proportional to the velocity of the fluid squared and the length of the pipe as well as inversely proportional to the diameter of the pipe fitting. Loss factors were primarily due to friction, as well as pipe fitting, since energy was dissipated when the fluid was flowing through bends or varying cross-sections.

Table of Contents Introduction & Objective …………………………………………………… 1 Apparatus & Procedure …………………………………………………… 2 Results …………………………………………………………………… 3 Discussion …………………………………………………………………… 9 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………… 9 References …………………………………………………………………… 11 Appendix …………………………………………………………………… 12 Introduction & Objective

The objective of this lab was to find the loss factors for flow through different types of pipe fittings such as enlargement, contraction, bends, and mitre. Head loss is the measurement of the fluid’s overall head reduction as it passes through a pipeline due to friction with the pipe wall (friction loss). The formula below is used to calculate head loss: ∆ H =( K V 2 )/ 2 g [1] Where K represents the loss coefficient (dimensionless), V the mean velocity of the flow into the fitting (m/s), and g represents the gravitational acceleration (9.806 m/s 2 ). The loss coefficient (K) is the complexity of flow in many fittings. Head loss is calculated from two manometer readings and will be taken before and after each fitting. After isolating for K, the formula below is used to calculate loss coefficient: K = ∆ H /( V 2 / 2 g ) The change in cross-sectional area is different through pipe enlargements or contractions where the system will also undergo a change in static pressure. The formula below is used to calculate the change in static pressure due to the change in cross-sectional area. V 1 2 /2g - V 2 2 / 2 g [2] Moreover, to eliminate this change in static pressure, Equation [2] has to be added to Equation [1] for enlargement and contraction. It should be noted that ∆ H = H1-H2 will be negative for an enlargement and Equation [2] will be negative for contraction. ∆ H =( K V 2 )/ 2 g + V 1 2 /2g - V 2 2 / 2 g [3] It is important to note that V represents the velocity flow into the fitting. For the Armfield apparatus, it would be the velocity of the fluid in the smaller diameter and for the Gunt apparatus, it would be the velocity of the fluid in the larger diameter.

Apparatus Before conducting the experiment, the following materials were required: ● Hydraulics Bench ● Energy losses in bends and fittings apparatus ● Timer/Stopwatch ● Thermometer ● Spirit level ● Clamps to pressure tape connection tubes Procedure The measurements for the first part were taken using the ARMFIELD apparatus while the second part involved switching over to the GUNT apparatus. The steps for the ARMFIELD apparatus Head Loss measurements: Step 1: Make sure the gate valve is fully opened. Step 2: Use the bench control valve to adjust the flow. Once the levels have stabilized, take the height readings from all manometers at a given flow rate. Step 3: In order to get the volume flow rate, the ball valve was closed and the time was measured between two water heights on the sight glass using the stopwatch. The measurements started at the 1 mark, and the second measurement was taken after a minute had passed. Step 4: Repeat steps 2 and 3 with different flow rates to take 3 measurements each. The steps for the GUNT apparatus Head Loss measurements: This part involved taking measurements for the Elbow, Short Bend, and Long bend first, followed by a different combination for the Contraction alone, and finally a third combination for the Enlargement alone. Step 1: Use the inlet valve to adjust the manometer level so that it remains within the tubes. Once stabilized at any given flow rate within the tubes, record the height readings from all the manometers. Step 2: Close the ball valve on the bottom right and measure the volume difference in the volumetric tank that takes place within a minute using the stopwatch. This provides the flow rate in L/min. Step 3: Repeat steps 1 and 2 a total of 3 times in order to record 3 different measurements. Step 4: Repeat steps 1 and 3 with the second combination in order to measure the Contraction flow rates. Step 5: Repeat steps 1 and 3 with the third combination in order to measure the Enlargement flow rate. All observed values were recorded in Table 1 and 2.

5 Results Table 1. Summary of observed and calculated values for elbow, short bend and long bend fittings Fitting Measured Values Calculation Manometer Reading H1 (m) Manometer Reading H2 (m) Head Loss Δ H = H 1 − H 2 (m) Volume ∀ (Liters) Time t (sec) Flow Rate Q (m 3 /sec) Velocity V (m/sec) V 2 2 g (m) Loss Coefficient K Eqn [1] or [3] 1) Elbow 0.280 0.210 0.070 19 60 0.000317 1.395 0.099 0.705 2) Elbow 0.285 0.220 0.065 14.5 60 0.000242 1.065 0.058 1.125 3) Elbow 0.195 0.170 0.025 8.5 60 0.000142 0.624 0.020 1.259 1) Short Bend 0.154 0.110 0.044 19 60 0.000317 1.395 0.099 0.443 2) Short Bend 0.145 0.120 0.025 13 60 0.000217 0.954 0.046 0.538 3) Short Bend 0.150 0.130 0.02 8.5 60 0.000142 0.624 0.020 1.007 1) Long Bend 0.070 0.030 0.04 19 60 0.000317 1.395 0.099 0.403 2) Long Bend 0.095 0.065 0.03 13 60 0.000217 0.954 0.046 0.646 3) Long Bend 0.120 0.105 0.015 8.5 60 0.000142 0.624 0.020 0.755

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