Foundations - Learning Objectives for Final Exam

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Arizona State University *

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Jan 9, 2024

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Learning Objectives for Foundations Final Exam Intro to Foundations LO-01 Identify the expectations of the Foundation Block LO-02 Understand the general overview of the role of Foundations in the 4-Year Curriculum. LO-03 Identify the contact information of the Foundation Block Director and faculty. LO-04 Articulate the course objectives of the Foundation Block. LO-05 Navigate Foundations course site on MedLearn. LO-06 Acknowledge responsibility to engage in sessions with respect and integrity for self and others. LO-07 Identify opportunities for self-directed learning within the Foundations Block. Intro to Physiology LO-01 Define homeostasis. LO-02 Describe a homeostatic process in the human body. Give specific examples of how all the organs work together. LO-03 Describe how dysfunction in a single organ can lead to dysfunction of another organ. LO-04 List the steps associated in the loss of homeostasis in heat stroke. Intro to Principles of Pharmacology LO-01 Define the terms Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Toxicology and Pharmacotherapeutics. LO-02 Define the three general mechanisms of drug actions LO-03 Foundations Page 1 LO-03

Define what it takes for a drug to have affinity for a receptor. LO-04 Compare and contrast therapeutic index vs therapeutic window. LO-05 Apply in-class principles to heat stroke. IL Drugs in Foundations 1. Compare and contrast NSAIDs and steroids including the mechanism of action, what they are used for and their side effects. 2. Describe the mechanism whereby antibiotics act to inhibit bacterial growth (no need to memorize proprietary names-yet). 3. Associate drugs listed in the tables with type of pathogen they are used to treat. 4. Describe the mechanism of action of the drugs used for Acne and beware of life threatening side effects (i.e., teratogen and severe depression-suicide). IL Cell Signaling Basics 1. Differentiate among autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling, and give examples of each. 2. Describe the four main types of signaling pathways and give examples of each. 3. Define the following terms in the context of cell signaling, and diagram their interrelationships: ligand, receptor, kinase, phosphatase, amplification, regulation, G protein, phosphorylation, second messenger, cascade, cell surface receptor, intracellular receptor. Clinical Genetics LO-01 Define the following terms and identify examples of each: locus, genotype, phenotype, allele, homozygote, heterozygote, hemizygote, genetic heterogeneity (allelic and locus), variable expression, pleiotropy, reduced penetrance, consanguinity, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), copy number variant (CNV), Variant of Uncertain Significance (VUS/VOUS). LO-02 Generate differential diagnoses and risk assessments from clinical assessment. LO-03 Understand the mechanisms of pedigree formation, including limitations in the current standard process. LO-04 Using information from a medical history and pedigree, assign a disorder to an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant and X-linked recessive inheritance pattern.

Foundations Page 2 LO-05 Calculate the risk of having an affected child for selected individuals in pedigrees of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked inheritance. The Human Genome & Mutation LO-01 Explain the following terms: genome; gene; exon; intron; non-coding RNA; epigenetics; penetrance; variable expressivity; circulating cell-free DNA; chromatin; histone; linkage disequilibrium; monogenic disorder; complex multifactorial disorder LO-02 Describe the structures and functions of the following components of the human genome: (1) Gene-coding sequences (protein-coding & non-coding); (2) Gene-related sequences (introns & UTRs); (3) Transcriptional regulatory elements; (4) Intergenic repetitive DNA sequences (retroposons, DNA transposons, simple repeats; large repeats); mitochondrial genome; cell-free circulating DNA LO-03 Summarize the steps in the packaging of the nuclear genome from chromatin to chromosomes LO-04 Select the most appropriate clinical DNA sequencing methods for detection of different types of disease-associated gene mutations LO-05 List the key properties of complex multifactorial diseases LO-06 Identify the different types of mutations that are commonly found in the genome LO-07 Discuss the classification of gene mutations associated with familial breast cancer Evidence Based Decision Making 101 LO-01 Become familiar with the vocabulary terms. LO-02 Identify the components of a good clinical question and construct a clinical question using these components. LO-03 Identify the four steps of the practice of EBM. LO-04 Given a series of clinical research abstracts, rank them in order of the level of evidence each provides in support of a specific clinical question assuming they are well done studies.

LO-05 Be able to construct a clinical question using the PICO Model. Foundations Page 3 Be able to construct a clinical question using the PICO Model. LO-06 Apply a “best practice model” to make a decision about a clinical question. LO-07 Reconstruct the Evidence Pyramid and explain the rationale behind each level’s rank. Considering Cultural Humility and Health Inequity LO-01 Explore the complexities of collective and individual identity in the United States and discuss your identity in a small group. LO-02 Discuss bias, discrimination, and racism’s effects on health and health care. LO-03 Define “health disparities” and their effects on historically marginalized populations in the United States. LO-04 Describe models for culturally responsive patient care and practice using a framework for engaging in conversations with patients. Arizona Population Health LO-01 Learn the basic geography, history, and demographics of Arizona. LO-02 Describe the differences between individual vs. population-level approaches to health. LO-03 Summarize how population health can be used in medical care. LO-04 Understand the levels of prevention and how it connects to population health. LO-05 Discuss the needs of key populations in Arizona and consider how community engagement could improve population health. Intro to Anatomy LO-01 Describe and demonstrate standard anatomical position

LO-02 Describe the planes of anatomical section Foundations Page 4 LO-03 Apply the planes of anatomical section to medical imaging LO-04 Apply the following terms to describe the position of anatomical structures: anterior/posterior, rostral/caudal, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, dorsum/palmar/plantar, deep/superficial/intermediate, external/internal, unilateral/bilateral, contralateral/ipsilateral. LO-05 Describe the distribution and function of the following organ systems: musculoskeletal, integumentary, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, urinary, endocrine, reproductive. LO-06 Compare and contrast the function and distribution of the central nervous system, somatic peripheral nervous system, visceral peripheral nervous system6. Compare and contrast the function and distribution of the central nervous system, somatic peripheral nervous system, visceral peripheral nervous system LO-07 Apply the concepts of deep and superficial to explain fascial layers and structural layers LO-08 Compare and contrast the structure of a cavity, a bursa, and a potential space LO-09 Compare and contrast relationships between organ systems in 2 examples: a muscular compartment and the small intestine LO-10 Explain the clinical relevance of anatomical variation Major Organs and Vessels (Gross Anatomy) LO-01 Identify and describe location of the structures listed below relative to one another using proper anatomical terminology (anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, superior-inferior, proximal-distal, superficial-deep). LO-02 Deduce consequences of damage based upon relationships and basic functions (use knowledge of normal to predict abnormal and vice versa). LO-03 Be able to identify the bold-face organs on axial CT scans. (See lab notes for structure list.)

IL Tissue Types LO-01 Describe characteristics that distinguish the four tissue types from each other. Apply these Foundations Page 5 Describe characteristics that distinguish the four tissue types from each other. Apply these features to identifying tissue types in tissue sections. LO-02 Apply the standard classification scheme to identifying different epithelia. Relate function of different types of epithelia to structure. LO-03 Explain the concept of epithelial cell polarity and discuss its importance in epithelial function. LO-04 Describe structure and function of the main apical, basal and lateral membrane specializations of epithelial cells. LO-05 Describe the composition of connective tissue proper including fibers, ground substance and cells. Relate structure to function LO-06 Describe the role of connective tissue in support and defense including metabolic support and inflammation. LO-07 List resident and itinerant cells in connective tissue. Briefly describe the function of resident cells. LO-08 Describe the path of white blood cell circulation, and entry into connective tissues. LO-09 Compare and contrast cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle in terms of structure and function, and distinguish these tissues in sections. LO-10 List components of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Identify peripheral nerves, parasympathetic ganglia, and their components in tissue sections. IL Organ Architecture LO-01 Define architecture and cytology. Compare and contrast hollow and solid organs in terms of architecture. LO-02 Describe basic functions of digestive tract, lung airways, pancreas, liver, and kidney, relating

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