| The Encyclopedia of World History. 2001. |
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| 1921, Jan. 13–22 |
| | | Congress of the Socialist Party at Livorno. The party split into a moderate and a radical wing, the latter frankly Communist. Their main theoretician was Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937), the publisher of Ordine Nuovo in Turin. | 1 |
| | | Feb. 27 |
| | | Communist and Fascist riots at Florence, inaugurating a period of repeated clashes that ultimately approximated civil war between the two factions. Central in this disorder were the Fascist Arditi, gangs of strike-breaking thugs. | 2 |
| | | May 15 |
| | | Elections, the first held under a system of universal suffrage. The Liberals and Democrats won a resounding victory and secured 275 seats, as against 122 for the Socialists and 107 for the Popular (Catholic) Party. The Communists had only 16, the Fascists 22. | 3 |
| | | June 26 |
| | | Fall of the Giolitti cabinet, the result of dissatisfaction with its foreign policy. A new ministry was organized (July 5) by Ivanhoe Bonomi. | 4 |
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| The Encyclopedia of World History, Sixth
edition. Peter N. Stearns, general editor. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Maps by Mary Reilly, copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. |
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