| The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. |
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Appendix I
Indo-European Roots |
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| ENTRY: | dh - |
| DEFINITION: | To set, put. Contracted from *dhe 1-.
Derivatives include deed, doom, fashion, defeat, feckless, sacrifice, satisfy, face, and synthesis.
I. Basic form *dh-. 1. Suffixed form *dh-ti-, “thing laid down or done, law, deed.” deed; indeed, from Old English d d, doing, deed, from Germanic *ddiz. 2. Suffixed form *dh-k-. theca, tick3; amphithecium, apothecary, apothecium, bibliotheca, bodega, boutique, cleistothecium, endothecium, perithecium, from Greek thk, receptacle. 3. Basic form *dh-. bard2, purdah, from Old Persian d -, to place. 4. Suffixed form *dh-to-, set down, created, in Old Iranian compound *khvat -dta- (see s(w)e-).
II. O-grade form *dh-. 1. do1; fordo, from Old English dn, to do, from Germanic *dn. 2. Suffixed o-grade form *dh-men-. abdomen, from Latin abdmen, belly, abdomen, perhaps “part placed away, concealed part” (ab-, away; see apo). 3. Suffixed o-grade form *dh-mo-. a. doom, from Old English dm, judgment (< “thing set or put down”); b. –dom, from Old English -dm, abstract suffix indicating state, condition, or power; c. Old Norse -dmr, condition, in compound hrdmr (see k-); d. Duma, dumka, from Russian Duma, Duma, from a Germanic source akin to Gothic dms, judgment; e. deem, from Old English dman, to judge, from Germanic denominative dmjan. a–e all from Germanic dmaz. 4. Suffixed o-grade form *dh-t- in compound *sakro-dht- (see sak-).
III. Zero-grade form *dh-. 1a. Prefixed form *kom-dh-. abscond, incondite, recondite, sconce2, from Latin condere, to put together, establish, preserve (*kom, together; see kom); b. prefixed and suffixed form *kom-dh()-yo-. condiment, salmagundi, from Latin cond re, to season, flavor; c. compound *kred-dh- (see kerd-); d. compound suffixed form *gw -dh()-o- (see gwer-2). 2. Suffixed zero-grade form dh-k-. a. –facient, fact, faction1, –faction, factitious, factitive, factor, factory, faena, fashion, feasible, feat1, feature, fetish, –fic, –fy, hacienda; affair, affect1, affect2, affection, amplify, artifact, artifice, beatific, benefaction, benefic, benefice, beneficence, benefit, chafe, comfit, confect, confetti, counterfeit, defeasance, defeat, defect, deficient, discomfit, edifice, edify, effect, efficacious, efficient, facsimile, factotum, feckless, forfeit, infect, justify, malefactor, malfeasance, manufacture, misfeasance, modify, mollify, nidify, notify, nullify, officinal, orifice, perfect, petrify, pluperfect, pontifex, prefect, proficient, profit, putrefy, qualify, rarefy, rectify, refect, refectory, rubefacient, sacrifice, satisfy, spinifex, suffice, sufficient, surfeit, tubifex, tumefacient, vivify, from Latin facere (< *fak-yo-), to do, make, and Latin combining form -fex (< *-fak-s), “maker”; b. façade, face, facet, facial, facies; deface, efface, surface, from Latin derivative facis, shape, face (< “form imposed on something”); c. office, from Latin compound officium (< *opi-fici-om), service, duty, business, performance of work (*opi-, work; see op-); d. further suffixed form *dh-k-li-. facile, facilitate, faculty, difficulty, from Latin facilis (< Archaic Latin facul), feasible, easy. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dh-s- (probably identical with zero-grade of dhs-). nefarious, from Latin fs, divine law, right. 4. multifarious, omnifarious, from Latin -friam, adverbial suffix, as in bifriam, in two places, parts, double, from *dwi-dh()-, “making two” (*dwi-, two; see dwo-). 5. Reduplicated form *dhi-dh-. thesis, thetic; anathema, antithesis, diathesis, epenthesis, epithet, hypothecate, hypothesis, metathesis, parenthesis, prosthesis, prothesis, synthesis, from Greek tithenai, to put, with zero-grade noun thesis (*dh-ti-), a placing, and verbal adjective thetos (*dh-to-), placed. 6. Suffixed zero-grade form *dh-m . thematic, theme, from Greek thema, “thing placed,” proposition. 7. Reduplicated form *dhe-dh-. samhita, sandhi, from Sanskrit dadhti, he places (past participle -hita-, from suffixed zero-grade *dh-to-). 8. Reduced form *dh- in compound *au-dh- (see au-). (Pokorny 2. dh- 235.) |
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| The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by the Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. |
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