What is the primary role of the GALT? O GALT is in place to filter and trap blood-borne pathogens. O GALT is in place to distinguish self- from nonself-antigens thereby preventing autoimmune disease. O GALT, present in certain regions of the gastrointestinal tract, defends underlying tissue from potential pathogens that may be present in the gastrointestinal lumen. O GALT is in place to produce antibodies against potential pathogens that interface with the membranes.

What are TLRS? How does this work to ensure to prevent pathogens to cause diseases? Where are the locations of each TLRS? What are they exactly detecting specifically? How are cellular behavior changing after they detect pathogens via TLRS? How does complement get activated? Please explain three pathways of complement activation and end results of complement activation.

Both antibodies and particular complement proteins, such as c3b, are capable of aiding phagocytes in attaching to bacteria. What term best describes these? O 1) opsonins O 2) haptens O 3) pyogens O 4) perforins

All of the following are true of the lymphatic system, EXCEPT: Lymphatic capillaries lie in close physical proximity to arterial and venous capillaries None of the other four answers (all are true of the lymphatic system) Lymph nodes are located at lymphatic vessel junctions It brings microbial antigens into contact with immunologically active cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) Its only important function is to carry interstitial fluid back to the circulatory system

What is the function of mucus in preventing infections? Group of answer choices To stimulate the complement system when pathogens are present To trap pathogens so that they cannot penetrate deeper into the tissues To inhibit growth of microbes by having a highly basic pH To make antibody-antigen binding more efficient

Generally, polysaccharides are not good antigens, because B cells that recognize them cannot get T-cell help. But for some pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae opsonization by antibodies that bind the thick polysaccharide "capsule" layer surrounding the bacteria is the major mechanism of clearing the infection. As expected, a pure polysaccharide vaccine is not terribly effective, but much better immunity is achieved by vaccinating with a polysaccharide covalently linked "conjugated" to an unrelated protein. Explain how this conjugate vaccine allows B cells capable of making anti-polysaccharide antibodies.

For the diagram below, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT: Antigen- binding site V C Heavy chain V Light chain S.S. Fc (stem) region c C Hinge region None of the other four answers (All are true statements) Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) are composed of four protein molecules, two identical "light" chains and two identical "heavy" chains Antigens bind to the "stem", composed of the constant regions of the two "heavy" chains The variable (V) regions form the antigen binding sites The constant (C) regions determine class of antibody

Which of the following is FALSE? O O O O Proteins with their ability to have a primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure tend to be more antigenic than carbohydrates. Antibodies are substances that cause the body to produce specific sensitized T-cells. Hapten can combine with carrier molecules to illicit antibody production. Antigens are substances that illicit an antibody response. Stainless steel is an example of a material that is non-antigenic mainly due to its insolubility.

Which of the following are true of interferons? Select all that apply. O They are a critical part of the innate immune system in fighting bacterial infections O They are a part of the second line of defense against viruses O They degrade viral DNA O They are signaling molecules produced by infected cells to help uninfected cells defend themselves agains viruses O They are part of innate immunity O They are part of adaptive immunity and are "trained" by the immune system to eliminate specific pathogens

What scenario best describes an autoimmune reaction? Group of answer choices The destruction of donated red blood cells by the recipient’s immune system The production of antibodies against Streptococcus pyogenes antigen resulting in cross-reaction against an antigen found on heart valves The activation of Mast cells by pollen The production of antibodies against Streptococcus pyogenes resulting in the deposit of antigen-antibodies in the kidney leading to glomerulonephritis