Viruses quickly evolve to be able to infect hosts. Hosts are not helpless in this, many hosts genes evolve quickly to make it harder for viruses to infect cells. Of the following which host genes do you expect to rapidly evolve? cytoskeleton genes histone genes transcription genes receptor genes
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A: In transformation, the competent cells are made in which the cells are treated with chemicals or…
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A: The study of the processes of heritable knowledge in viruses, such as genome structure, replication,…
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A: Introduction :- Lambda phage is a bacteriophages that uses Escherichia coli as their host and…
Q: Why can’t RNA viruses have a big genome? Why do RNA viruses have a high mutation rate?
A: Normally small RNA virus genomes sizes varies (2 to 32 kb) has been seen to found very high rates of…
Q: Many viruses that cause human diseases have ______ as their genetic material glycoproteins DNA RNA…
A: Many viruses that cause human diseases have ______ as their genetic material.
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Q: Part 1. Transduction is a form of horizontal gene transfer that involves viral infections. random…
A: There are types of horizontal gene transfer - Transformation Transduction Conjugation
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A: Plasmid Many bacteria (as well as some yeasts and some fungi) include plasmids, which are looping…
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Q: Viruses can carry out which of the processes described below? They can use the host cell to copy…
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A: Bacteria are prokaryotes. They have extra chromosomal contents called as plasmid. This is used as…
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A: Horizontal gene transfer: Horizontal gene transfer is also known as lateral gene transfer. In this…
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A: Viruses have high recombination and mutation rates. When they gain entry into the living cell they…
Q: Which of the following is true regarding bacteria and antibiotics? Some bacteria have a lysogenic…
A: Bacteria are prokaryoyic organisms, virus are obligate parasites .antibiotics are chemicals from…
Q: Which form of horizontal gene transfer is shown in the following diagram? Transformation Conjugation…
A: The migration of genetic code across unicellular and/or multicellular life forms between one…
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A: Primary cell cultures are derived from tissue and not modified, they are more similar to the in vivo…
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A: Recombination - Recombination is a new combination of genes. It occurs during crossing over.…
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A: DNA is a genetic material of many Prokaryotic Or eukaryotic organism. Each cell have a genetic…
Q: All of these are example of the horizontal gene transfer EXCEPT: transduction transferring genes via…
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Q: A: Which of the following is not a reason that microbes benefit from horizontal gene transfer?…
A: Introduction Horizontal gene transfer is a method by which directly genes are exchanged between two…
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A: The process of using the host cellular machinery for its process is one of the basic mechanisms…
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- You are helping a patient who you think has CJD. They want you to explain how this happened. Which explanation below is NOT correct? O spontaneous misfolding of the normal prion with age O possible transfer of abnormal prions on contaminated surgical instruments O overuse of antibiotics O possible transfer of abnormal prions from blood transfusion O possible transfer of prions through organ transplant O consumption of beef from cattle with BSE Question 65 Below are stens in the evolution/emergenco of vCDA viral mutation that causes changes in the glycoprotein spikes would affect which aspect of the virus? The virus would become lysogenic and incorporate its genome into the host cell genome. The virus would enter the host by a combination of endocytosis and fusion. The virus would lose its viral envelope and become a naked virus. The virus would attach to different host cells and its host range would be altered. The viral genome would not require uncoating once inside the host cell.Viruses with negative sense RNA genomes typically, make proteins by: (Ignore retroviruses, and the unusual characteristics of coronaviruses) Translation of short RNA transcripts generated by RDRP Generating a DNA copy, which is then transcribed by host RNA polymerase. Translation of the viral genome by host ribosomes. Production of a polyprotein, which must be cleaved into smaller proteins. Generating a negative sense genome copy, which is then translated by host ribosomes.
- Why must primary cell cultures be restarted every so often when preparing primary cell cultures to observe morphological changes caused by cells infected by a virus? Why are tumor cells preferred? Why are non-enveloped viruses generally more resistant to disinfectants than are enveloped viruses? A public health physician isolated large number of phages from rivers used as a source of drinking water in western Africa. They physician is very concerned that humans might become ill from drinking this water, although she knows that the phages specifically attack bacteria. Why is she concerned?Here are some key traits that distinguish the three domains of life (some of which are from the table on IB chapter 3.2). Consider the tree below showing the relationship of the three domains. 7 Characteristics J Nuclear envelope Organelles Peptidoglycan in cell wall Membrane lipids RNA polymerase Ribosome Initiator amino acid for protein synthesis Introns in genes Histones associated with DNA Circular chromosome Operons Plasmids Bacterial Archaea 1 2 Bacteria LUCA No No (rare) Yes Unbranched hydrocarbons Ester linked Version 1 70S Formyl- methionine Very rare Reproduction Response to antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol Response to diptheria toxin Think through how you would map all of these characteristics onto this tree. No Yes Yes Yes Binary fission Sensitive Not sensitive 5 a) Which characters might fall at location 1? No No No Some branched c) Which characters would fall at location 3? Domain Archaea hydrocarbons. Ether linked Version 2 (1 copy) 70S Methionine Present in…Question 1 Why have the majority of viruses evolved to bind to a host surface receptor that serves an essential function in the host cell? This is completely accidental. These host receptors are poorly protected by the adaptive immune system, making them an easy target for the virus. O Because proteins that perform essential functions are located only on the surface of the host cell. O Host surface receptors that are essential for the host will always be expressed and present on the host.
- You are studying a new retrovirus. The viral protein (X) appears to play a role in the export of the viral genomes to the cytoplasm. Protein X brings viral DNA to the cytoplasm and returns back to the nucleus after genome export is complete. Researchers have developed a new drug for the virus. Following treatment with the new drug, the viral protein stays in the nucleus and cannot export the viral genomes. What is the most plausible and logical function of the drug? Use your knowledge of nuclear transport to answer this question. O A. The drug inhibits the binding of the viral protein and the viral genomes to the import receptor. B. The drug inhibits the binding of Ran-GTP to the nuclear export receptor in nucleus. C. The drug promotes the Ran GAP activity. D. The drug blocks the NLS on the viral protein.What advantageous uses have viruses been shown to have? The activities of viral genes mimic those of host genes so they are useful for studying mechanisms of DNA replication and gene expression in their much more complex hosts. O Bacteria-killing viruses may play an increasing role in the war against bacterial pathogens. O All are correct. They can be used as a means to introduce foreign genes into human cells, which may serve as a basis for treatment of human diseases by gene therapy. O Insect-killing viruses may play an increasing role in the war against insect pests.Which of the following is a known characteristic that can lead to genetic changes in some viruses? Operons in the viral genome can undergo homologous recombination, leading to genetic rearrangements. Reassortment of segmented genomes can occur if a host cell is co-infected with two different viral strains. RNA polymerases used in replication of the viral genome have proofreading capability. Environmental conditions can trigger the SOS response, which triggers mutations in the viral genome.
- O O O A new virus is discovered. Its RNA genome encodes several proteins, including a reverse transcriptase enzyme. What can you conclude about replication of this virus? Its replication involves a double-stranded RNA intermediate Its replication involves a DNA copy of its genome Its replication depends entirely on cellular enzymes Its replication is entirely independent of cellular enzymes 00 A deficiency in Base Excision Repair (BER) would primarily sensitize you to mutations caused by radiation, X-rays O Chemicals in smoke, and UV radiation O Unavoidable, spontaneously occurring DNA damageA virus is a small infectious agent that multiplies solely inside an organism's live cells. It does this by infiltrating the host cell with its genetic material (RNA) and integrating it with the host genome. Explain in detail how organisms remove viral gene expression. How does this technique work to keep viruses at bay?Which of the following is a difference between a viroid and a virus? O viroids contain some genes important for their own replication while viruses rely entirely on host cell enzymes for their replication viroids are alive and viruses are not O viroids are not infectious particles and viruses often cause disease O viroids are composed solely of nucleic acid while viruses are composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat O viroids infect only plants while viruses infect only animals and prokaryotes