Chemistry 10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
1 Chemical Foundations 2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Stoichiometry 4 Types Of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry 5 Gases 6 Thermochemistry 7 Atomic Structure And Periodicity 8 Bonding: General Concepts 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 10 Liquids And Solids 11 Properties Of Solutions 12 Chemical Kinetics 13 Chemical Equilibrium 14 Acids And Bases 15 Acid-base Equilibria 16 Solubility And Complex Ion Equilibria 17 Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy 18 Electrochemistry 19 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View 20 The Representative Elements 21 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry 22 Organic And Biological Molecules Chapter12: Chemical Kinetics
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define reaction rate. Distinguish between the initial rate, average rate, and instantaneous rate of... Problem 2RQ: Distinguish between the differential rate law and the integrated rate law. Which of these is often... Problem 3RQ: One experimental procedure that can be used to determine the rate law of a reaction is the method of... Problem 4RQ: The initial rate for a reaction is equal to the slope of the tangent line at t 0 in a plot of [A]... Problem 5RQ: Consider the zero-, first-, and second-order integrated rate laws. If you have concentration versus... Problem 6RQ: Derive expressions for the half-life of zero-, first-, and second-order reactions using the... Problem 7RQ Problem 8RQ: What two requirements must be met to call a mechanism plausible? Why say a plausible mechanism... Problem 9RQ Problem 10RQ: Give the Arrhenius equation. Take the natural log of both sides and place this equation in the form... Problem 11RQ: Why does a catalyst increase the rate of a reaction? What is the difference between a homogeneous... Problem 1ALQ: Define stability from both a kinetic and thermodynamic perspective. Give examples to show the... Problem 2ALQ: Describe at least two experiments you could perform to determine a rate law. Problem 3ALQ: Make a graph of [A] versus time for zero-, first-, and second-order reactions. From these graphs,... Problem 4ALQ: How does temperature affect k, the rate constant? Explain. Problem 5ALQ: Consider the following statements: In general, the rate of a chemical reaction increases a bit at... Problem 6ALQ: For the reaction A+BC, explain at least two ways in which the rate law could be zero order in... Problem 7ALQ: A friend of yours states, A balanced equation tells us how chemicals interact. Therefore, we can... Problem 8ALQ: Provide a conceptual rationale for the differences in the half-lives of zero-, first-, and... Problem 9ALQ: The rate constant (k) depends on which of the following (there may be more than one answer)? a. the... Problem 10Q: Table 11-2 illustrates how the average rate of a reaction decreases with time. Why does the average... Problem 11Q: The rate law for a reaction can be determined only from experiment and not from the balanced... Problem 12Q: The plot below shows the number of collisions with a particular energy for two different... Problem 13Q: For the reaction O2(g)+2NO(g)2NO2(g) the observed rate law is Rate=k[NO]2[O2] Which of the changes... Problem 14Q: Each of the statements given below is false. Explain why. a. The activation energy of a reaction... Problem 15Q: Define what is meant by unimolecular and bimolecular steps. Why are termolecular steps infrequently... Problem 16Q: The type of rate law for a reaction, either the differential rate law or the integrated rate law, is... Problem 17Q: The initial rate of a reaction doubles as the concentration of one of the reactants is quadrupled.... Problem 18Q: Hydrogen reacts explosively with oxygen. However, a mixture of H2 and O2 can exist indefinitely at... Problem 19Q: The central idea of the collision model is that molecules must collide in order to react. Give two... Problem 20Q: Consider the following energy plots for a chemical reaction when answering the questions below. a.... Problem 21Q Problem 22Q Problem 23Q: The combustion of carbohydrates and the combustion of fats are both exothermic processes, yet the... Problem 24Q: Would the slope of a ln(k) versus 1/T plot (with temperature in kelvin) for a catalyzed reaction be... Problem 25E: Consider the reaction 4PH3(g)P4(g)+6H2(g) If, in a certain experiment, over a specific time period,... Problem 26E: In the Haber process for the production of ammonia, N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g) what is the relationship... Problem 27E: At 40C, H2O2 (aq) will decompose according to the following reaction: 2H2O2(aq)2H2O(l)+O2(g) The... Problem 28E: Consider the general reaction aA+bBcC and the following average rate data over some time period t:... Problem 29E: What are the units for each of the following if the concentrations are expressed in moles per liter... Problem 30E: The rate law for the reaction Cl2(g)+CHCl3(g)HCl(g)+CCl4(g) is Rate=k[Cl2]1/2[CHCl3] What are the... Problem 31E: The reaction 2NO(g)+Cl2(g)2NOCl(g) was studied at 10C. The following results were obtained where... Problem 32E: The reaction 2I-(aq)+S2O82-(aq)I2(aq)+2SO42-(aq) was studied at 25C. The following results were... Problem 33E: The decomposition of nitrosyl chloride was studied: 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) The following data... Problem 34E: The following data were obtained for the gas-phase decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide,... Problem 35E: The reaction I(aq)+OCl(aq)IO(aq)+Cl(aq) was studied, and the following data were obtained:... Problem 36E: The reaction 2NO(g)+O2(g)2NO2(g) was studied. and the following data were obtained where Rate=[O2]t... Problem 37E: The rote of the reaction between hemoglobin (Hb) and carbon monoxide (CO) was studied at 20C. The... Problem 38E: The following data were obtained for the reaction 2ClO2(aq)+2OH(aq)ClO3(aq)+ClO2(aq)+H2O(l)... Problem 39E: The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was studied, and the following data were obtained at a... Problem 40E: A certain reaction has the following general form: aAbB At a particular temperature and [A]0 = 2.00 ... Problem 41E: The rate of the reaction NO2(g)+CO(g)NO(g)+CO2(g) depends only on the concentration of nitrogen... Problem 42E: A certain reaction has the following general form: aAbB At a particular temperature and [A]0 = 2.80 ... Problem 43E: The decomposition of ethanol (C2H5OH) on an alumina (Al2O3) surface C2H5OH(g)C2H4(g)+H2O(g) was... Problem 44E: At 500 K in the presence of a copper surface, ethanol decomposes according to the equation... Problem 45E: The dimerization of butadiene 2C4H6(g)C8H12(g) was studied at 500. K, and the following data were... Problem 46E: The rate of the reaction O(g)+NO2(g)NO(g)+O2(g) was studied at a certain temperature. a. In one... Problem 47E: Experimental data for the reaction A2B+C have been plotted in the following three different ways... Problem 48E Problem 49E: The reaction AB+C is known to be zero order in A and to have a rate constant of 5.0 102 mol/L s at... Problem 50E: The decomposition of hydrogen iodide on finely divided gold at 150C is zero order with respect to... Problem 51E Problem 52E: A first-order reaction is 75.0% complete in 320. s. a. What are the first and second half-lives for... Problem 53E: The rate law for the decomposition of phosphine (PH3) is Rate=[PH3]t=k[PH3] It takes 120. s for 1.00... Problem 54E: DDT (molar mass = 354.49 g/mol) was a widely used insecticide that was banned from use in the United... Problem 56E: The rate law for the reaction 2NOBr(g)2NO(g)+Br2(g) at some temperature is Rate=[NOBr]t=k[NOBr]2 a.... Problem 57E Problem 58E: Theophylline is a pharmaceutical drug that is sometimes used to help with lung function. You observe... Problem 59E: You and a coworker have developed a molecule thathas shown potential as cobra antivenin (AV). This... Problem 60E: Consider the hypothetical reaction A+B+2C2D+3E where the rate law is Rate=[A]t=k[A][B]2 An... Problem 61E: Write the rate laws for the following elementary reactions. a. CH3NC(g) CH3CN(g) b. O3(g) + NO(g) ... Problem 62E: A possible mechanism for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is H2O22OHH2O2+OHH2O+HO2HO2+OHH2O+O2... Problem 63E: A proposed mechanism for a reaction is... Problem 64E: The mechanism for the gas-phase reaction of nitrogen dioxide with carbon monoxide to form nitric... Problem 65E: Is the mechanism NO+Cl2l1NOCl2NOCl2+NOl22NOCl consistent with the results obtained in Exercise 31?... Problem 66E: The reaction 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) exhibits the rate law Rate = k[NO]2[O2] Which of the following... Problem 67E: For the following reaction profile, indicate a. the positions of reactants and products. b. the... Problem 68E: Draw a rough sketch of the energy profile for each of the following cases: a. E = + 10 kJ/mol, Ea =... Problem 69E: The activation energy for the reaction NO2(g)+CO(g)NO(g)+CO2(g) is 125 kJ/mol, and E for the... Problem 70E: The activation energy for some reaction X2(g)+Y2(g)2XY(g) is 167 kJ/mol, and E for the reaction is +... Problem 71E: The rate constant for the gas-phase decomposition of N2O5, N2O52NO2+12O2 has the following... Problem 72E: The reaction (CH3)3CBr+OH(CH3)3COH+Br in a certain solvent is first order with respect to (CH3)3CBr... Problem 73E: The activation energy for the decomposition of HI(g) to H2(g) and I2(g) is 186 kJ/mol. The rate... Problem 74E: A first-order reaction has rate constants of 4.6 102 s1 and 8.1 102 s1 at 0C and 20.C,... Problem 75E: A certain reaction has an activation energy of 54.0 kJ/mol. As the temperature is increased from 22C... Problem 76E Problem 77E: Which of the following reactions would you expect to proceed at a faster rate at room temperature?... Problem 78E Problem 79E: One mechanism for the destruction of ozone in the upper atmosphere is a. Which species is a... Problem 80E: One of the concerns about the use of Freons is that they will migrate to the upper atmosphere, where... Problem 81E: Assuming that the mechanism for the hydrogenation of C2H4 given in Section 11-7 is correct, would... Problem 82E: The decomposition of NH3 to N2 and H2 was studied on two surfaces: Surface Ea (kJ/mol) W 163 Os 197... Problem 83E: The decomposition of many substances on the surface of a heterogeneous catalyst shows the following... Problem 84E Problem 85E: A popular chemical demonstration is the magic genie procedure, in which hydrogen peroxide decomposes... Problem 86E Problem 87AE: Consider the following representation of the reaction 2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g). Determine the time... Problem 88AE: The reaction H2SeO3(aq) + 6I-(aq) + 4H+(aq) Se(s) + 2I-3(aq) + 3H2O(l) was studied at 0C, and the... Problem 89AE: Consider two reaction vessels, one containing A and the other containing B, with equal... Problem 90AE: Sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2) decomposes to sulfur dioxide (SO2) and chlorine (Cl2) by reaction in the... Problem 91AE: For the reaction 2N2O5(g)4NO2(g)+O2(g) the following data were collected, where Rate=[N2O5]t Time... Problem 92AE: Experimental values for the temperature dependence of the rate constant for the gas-phase reaction... Problem 93AE: At 620. K butadiene dimerizes at a moderate rate. The following data were obtained in an experiment... Problem 94AE: For a first order gas phase reaction A products, k = 7.2 104s1 at 660. K and k = 1.7 102s1 at... Problem 95AE: Cobra venom helps the snake secure food by binding to acetylcholine receptors on the diaphragm of a... Problem 96AE: Iodomethane (CH3I) is a commonly used reagent in organic chemistry. When used properly, this reagent... Problem 97AE: Experiments during a recent summer on a number of fireflies (small beetles, Lampyridaes photinus)... Problem 98AE: The activation energy of a certain uncatalyzed biochemical reaction is 50.0 kJ/mol. In the presence... Problem 99AE: Consider the following initial rate data for the decomposition of compound AB to give A and B: [AB]0... Problem 100AE: Consider a hypothetical reaction between A and B: A + B products Use the following initial rate... Problem 101AE: Consider the reaction 3A+B+CD+E where the rate law is defined as [A]t=k[A]2[B][C] An experiment is... Problem 102CWP: The thiosulfate ion (S2O32) is oxidized by iodine as follows: 2S2O32(aq)+I2(aq)S4O62(aq)+2I(aq) In a... Problem 103CWP: The reaction A(aq)+B(aq)products(aq) was studied, and the following data were obtained: [Al]0... Problem 104CWP: A certain substance, initially present at 0.0800 M, decomposes by zero-order kinetics with a rate... Problem 105CWP: A reaction of the form aAProducts gives a plot of ln[A] versus time (in seconds), which is a... Problem 106CWP: A certain reaction has the form aAProducts At a particular temperature, concentration versus time... Problem 107CWP: Which of the following statement(s) is( are) true? a. The half-life for a zero-order reaction... Problem 108CWP: Consider the hypothetical reaction A2(g) + B2(g) 2AB(g), where the rate law is: [A2]t=k[A2][B2] The... Problem 109CWP: Experiments have shown that the average frequency of chirping by a snowy tree cricket (Oecanthus... Problem 110CP: Consider a reaction of the type aA products, in which the rate law is found to he rate = k[A]3... Problem 111CP: A study was made of the effect of the hydroxide concentration on the rate of the reaction... Problem 112CP: Two isomers (A and B) of a given compound dimerize as follows: 2Ak1A22Bk2B2 Both processes are known... Problem 113CP: The reaction NO(g)+O3NO2(g)+O2(g) was studied by performing two experiments. In the first experiment... Problem 114CP Problem 115CP: In the gas phase, the production of phosgene from chlorine and carbon monoxide is assumed to proceed... Problem 116CP: Most reactions occur by a series of steps. The energy profile for a certain reaction that proceeds... Problem 117CP: You are studying the kinetics of the reaction H2(g) + F2(g) 2HF(g) and you wish to determine a... Problem 118CP: The decomposition of NO2(g) occurs by the following bimolecular elementary reaction:... Problem 119CP: The following data were collected in two studies of the reaction 2A+BC+D Time (s) Experiment 1 [A]... Problem 120CP: Consider the following hypothetical data collected in two studies of the reaction 2A+2BC+2D Time(s)... Problem 121CP: Consider the hypothetical reaction A+B+2C2D+3E In a study of this reaction three experiments were... Problem 122CP: Hydrogen peroxide and the iodide ion react in acidic solution as follows:... Problem 123IP: Sulfuryl chloride undergoes first-order decomposition at 320.C with a half-life of 8.75 h.... Problem 124IP: Upon dissolving InCl(s) in HCl, In+(aq) undergoes a disproportionation reaction according to the... Problem 125IP: The decomposition of iodoethane in the gas phase proceeds according to the following equation:... Problem 126MP: Consider the following reaction: CH3X+YCH3Y+X At 25C, the following two experiments were run,... Problem 82E: The decomposition of NH3 to N2 and H2 was studied on two surfaces: Surface Ea (kJ/mol) W 163 Os 197...
Related questions
The rate constant of a chemical reaction increased from 0.100 s−1 to 3.20 s−1 upon raising the temperature from 25.0 ∘C to 35.0 ∘C.
A) Calculate the value of (1/T2 - 1/T1) where T1 is the initial temperature and T2 is the final temperature.
Express your answer numerically.
B) Calculate the value of ln(k1/k2) where k1 and k2 correspond to the rate constants at the initial and the final temperatures as defined in part A.
Express your answer numerically.
C) What is the activation energy of the reaction?
Express your answer numerically in kilojoules per mole.
Transcribed Image Text: Learning Goal:
To use the Arrhenius equation to calculate the
activation energy.
As temperature rises, the average kinetic energy of
molecules increases. In a chemical reaction, this
means that a higher percentage of the molecules
possess the required activation energy, and the
reaction goes faster. This relationship is shown by the
Arrhenius equation
k= Ae-Ea/RT
where k is the rate constant, A is the frequency
factor, Ea is the activation energy, R= 8.3145
J/(K. mol) is the gas constant, and T is the Kelvin
temperature. The following rearranged version of the
equation is also useful:
(:)= (#)(±-4)
k1
In
k2
Ea
R
T2
where ki is the rate constant at temperature T1, and
k2 is the rate constant at temperature T3.
Definition Definition Transformation of a chemical species into another chemical species. A chemical reaction consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new ones by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
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