The mechanical properties of a metal may be improved by incorporating fine particles of its oxide. Given that the moduli of elasticity of the metal and oxide are, respectively, 50 GPa and 380 GPa, what is the (a) upper-bound, and (b) lower-bound modulus of elasticity values (in GPa) for a composite that has a composition of 0.59 vol% of oxide particles. (a) GPa (b) i GPa
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- The enthalpy of combustion of buckminsterfullerene, C60, is -26,367kJ/mol. C60(s)+60O2(g)60CO2(g) Determine the fHofC60..When a metal is heated its density decreases. There are two sources that give rise tothis diminishment of : (1) the thermal expansion of the solid, and (2) the formation of vacancies. Consider a specimen of gold at room temperature that has a density of 19.320 g/cm3.(a) Determine its density upon heating to (800°C) when only thermal expansion is considered.(b) Repeat the calculation when the introduction of vacancies is taken into account. Assume that the energy of vacancy formation is 0.98 eV/atom, and that the volumecoefficient of thermal expansion, is equal to 3 αl3.) Calculate the vacancy fraction for lead at its melting temperature of 3270 degrees celsius. You may assume that the vacancy formation energy is 0.55eV.
- the ionic compound L2O3(s) is the ionic compound formed from oxygen and a metal with the form L(s) at 1.00 bar and 298 K. (a) Draw the Lewis structure for L2O3. Assume that all the valence electrons from L are required. (b) Use the following information to determine the enthalpy of formation for L2O3(s). Express your answer in kJZ(mol L2O3(s)). Lattice energy for L2O3(s) = -14836 kJ mol1 AHsub for L(s) = 358 kJ mol 1 First ionization energy for L(g) = 577 kJ mol 1 Second ionization energy for L(g) = 1794 kJ mol 1 Third ionization energy for L(g) = 3820 kJ mol 1 Bond dissociation energy for O2(g) = 498 kJ mol 1 %3D First electron affinity for O = -141 kJ mol 1 Second electron affinity for O = 744 kJ mol 1The enthalpy of sublimation of calcium at 25 °c is 178.2 kJ mol- 1.How much energy (at constant temperature and pressure) must be supplied as heat to 5.0 g of solid calcium to produce a plasma (a gas of charged particles) composed of Ca2+ ions and electrons?Indicate whether each statement is true or false. (a) Unlikeenthalpy, where we can only ever know changes in H, wecan know absolute values of S. (b) If you heat a gas suchas CO2, you will increase its degrees of translational, rotationaland vibrational motions. (c) CO2(g) and Ar(g) havenearly the same molar mass. At a given temperature, theywill have the same number of microstates.
- Indicate whether each statement is true or false. (a) Thethird law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of aperfect, pure crystal at absolute zero increases with themass of the crystal. (b) “Translational motion” of moleculesrefers to their change in spatial location as a functionof time. (c) “Rotational” and “vibrational” motionscontribute to the entropy in atomic gases like He and Xe.(d) The larger the number of atoms in a molecule, themore degrees of freedom of rotational and vibrationalmotion it likely has.In a particular biokgikal reaction taking place in the body at 37 C, the change in enthalpy was -125 kJ mol' and the change in entropy was -126 JK' mol". (a) Cakulate the change in Gibbs energy. (b) Is the reaction spontaneous? (e) Cakulate the total change in entropy of the system and the surroundings.3. One mole of liquid water at 100 °C is heated until the liquid is converted entirely to vapor at 100 °C and 1 atm pressure. Calculate q, w, AE and AH for each of the following. (a) The vaporization is carried out in a cylinder where the external pressure on the piston is maintained at 1 atm throughout. (b) The cylinder is first expanded against vacuum (Pext = 0) to the same volume as in part (a), and then sufficient heat is added to vaporize the liquid completely to 1 atm pressure.
- The N2O molecule has the structure N-N-O. In anordered crystal of N2O, the molecules are lined up in aregular fashion, with the orientation of each determinedby its position in the crystal. In a random crystal (formedon rapid freezing), each molecule has two equally likelyorientations.(a) Calculate the number of microstates available to a random crystal of NA (Avogadro’s number) of molecules.(b) Calculate the entropy change when 1.00 mol of a random crystal is converted to an ordered crystal.A steel block of mass 6.2 kg is originally at a temperature of 25°C and 1 atm. It is then heated to a temperature of 60°C without any change in pressure. The specific heat of steel is 452 J/(kg · °C), its density is 7.85 x 103 kg/m3, and the coefficient of linear expansion is 12 x 10 -6/°c. (a) Determine the work done by the steel block. (b) How much heat energy is transferred during this process? (c) What is the increase in internal energy of the system?Given the following data: CO(g)+H20(g)→ CO,(g)+ H2(g) AH° (25°C) = -42.0 kJmol1 C, (CO) = 26.8 + 6 x 10³T JK'mol1 C, (H2O) = 30.1+ 10 x 10³T JK'mol1 Cp (H2) = 28.5 + 2 x 10³T JK'mol1 C, (CO2) = 26.4 + 42 x 10³T JK-'mol1 where T is the thermodynamic temperature, calculate the change in enthalpy for the reaction at 1000 K.