The basic elements or molecules of cell signaling I. second messengers - substances that enhances or inhibits activities of other proteins II. effectors - are usually enzymes that catalyzes formation of the second messenger III. receptors - cell membrane transmembrane proteins that interacts with ligands outside the cell IV. first messengers - usually are ligands outside the cell and interacts with transmembrane protein receptors     I, III, IV only     II, III, IV only     I, II, III, IV     I, II, III only

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Emotions

Emotions are biologically based psychological conditions caused by neurophysiological changes which are linked to different factors such as thoughts, emotions, behavioral responses, and pleasure or displeasure. These emotions are not similar to moods. The mood is an affective state. Mood depends upon several factors, such as weather, the environment, physiology, etc. Emotions can be beneficial or detrimental depending on the situation. Emotional reactions are simple. Emotional well-being is strongly affected by our well-being, and such feelings are private.