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- A given autosomal locus has three possible alleles (A1, A2, and A3). Assuming that the numbers of individuals with the six possible genotypes are as follows, what would be the frequency of the A1 allele in the population? A1A1 = 30 A1A2 = 27 A2A2 = 12 A1A3 = 17 A2A3 = 10 A3A3 = 4 What would be the frequency of the A3A3 genotype? Assume the population is under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. A. 0.182 B. 0.27 C. 0.03 D. 0.317 E. 0.107 F. 0.09Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorderthat occurs relatively frequently among people ofEuropean descent. In an Amish community in Ohio,medical researchers reported the occurrence of cysticfibrosis (CF) as being 1/569 live births. Using theHardy–Weinberg rule, estimate the frequency of carriers of the disease allele in this Amish population.In a large, randomly mating population, the frequency of the allele (s)for sickle-cell hemoglobin is 0.028. The results of studies have shownthat people with the following genotypes at the beta-chain locus producethe following average numbers of offspring:Genotype Average numberof offspring producedSS 5Ss 6ss 0a. What will the frequency of the sickle-cell allele (s) be in the nextgeneration?b. What will the frequency of the sickle-cell allele be at equilibrium?
- Tay-Sachs disease is a recessive genetic disease. Individuals with this disease rarely survive past the age of four. In the general population, approximately 1 person in 300 carries the allele for this disease. However, in some populations, including the Irish Americans, the Ashkenazi Jews, and the Cajuns from Louisiana, the proportion of Tay-Sachs carriers is much higher (1 in 27 to 1 in 50) than in other populations. Such high frequency of an otherwise rare allele is expected when Question 24 options: populations experienced disruptive selection populations were founded by a small number of settlers the allele is advantageous at the heterozygous state populations have higher than average mutation rates populations experienced stabilizing selectionSickle cell anemia is caused by a recessive allele at a single gene. As we discussed in class, being a homozygote for the sickle cell allele is almost always lethal, but heterozygotes tend to be resistant against malaria although they have a mild form of anemia. Because of this heterozygote advantage, the allele for sickle cell anemia has a frequency of more than 10% in some human populations. How would present allele frequencies of the sickle cell allele change, if there was no heterozygote advantage or disadvantage (that is, that heterozygotes would be identical to ‘normal’ homozygotes – no malaria resistance, no anemia)? How would the change in sickle cell allele frequencies compare to scenario a (extirpation of malaria)Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects 1 in 3 000 newborns with Caucasian background. It causes thick mucus build up in various organs and can cause damages and problems in respiratory and digestive systems. a) What is the frequency of the cystic fibrosis allele in the Caucasian population? Show all your work and express your answer as a value between 0 and 1 rounded to two decimal places. b) What percentage of the Caucasian population would be carriers for cystic fibrosis? Show all your work and express your answer rounded to two decimal places. c)If two individuals are carriers of the cystic fibrosis allele, what is the probability that they would have a girl without cystic fibrosis? Show all your work (including the Punnett square) and express your answer as a value between 0 and 1 rounded to two decimal places.
- Heterozygote advantage is an interesting condition in those individuals who have one of each allele (dominant and recessive) have a higher survival rate than those individuals who are either homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive. Sickle-cell anemia is such a genetic disease associated with the recessive allele. Normal homozygous individuals (SS) have normal blood cells that are easily infected with the malarial parasite. Thus, many of these individuals become very ill from the parasite and many die. Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell trait (ss) have red blood cells that readily collapse when deoxygenated. Although malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of the genetic defect. However, individuals with the heterozygous condition (Ss) have some sickling of red blood cells, but generally not enough to cause mortality. In addition, malaria cannot survive well within these "partially defective" red blood cells. Thus, heterozygotes tend to…A phenotypically normal couple has had one normal child and one child with cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive disease. What are the genotypes of the parents? What is the chance that their next child will be a carrier of cystic fibrosis?Many recessive traits are very rare in a population, but cystic fibrosis does not follow this pattern. In some populations, the frequency of carriers for cystic fibrosis is 1/35. Does this mean that cystic fibrosis is not more common in inbred mating, such as those between first cousins? Why or why not?Cystic fibrosis is a homozygous recessive condition that affects 1 in 10,000 of the Hispanic populationin the United States. Calculate the frequency of the dominant allele, the frequency of the recessiveallele, and the percentage of heterozygous individuals (carriers) in the Hispanic population.Frequency of thedominant alleleFrequency of therecessive allele% homozygous dominant% homozygous recessive% heterozygous
- Identify each of the following as an example of allele, genotype, and/or phenotype frequency: A. Approximately 1 in 2500 people of Northern European descent is born with cystic fibrosis. B. The percentage of carriers of the sickle cell allele in West Africa is approximately 13%. C. The number of new mutations for achondroplasia, a genetic disorder, is approximately 5 × 10–5.A pedigree analysis was performed on the family of a man with schizophrenia. Based on the known concordance statistics, would his MZ twin be at high risk for the disease? Would the twins risk decrease if he were raised in an environment different from that of his schizophrenic brother?About 4 percent of people of Northern European descent have a cystic fibrosis allele, but only about 1 in 2,500 of these people actually has the disorder. What is the most likely reason for this finding?
