): Let the demand and supply of video game consoles be given by: Qd = 250 - 0.5P and Q$ = -50 + P %3D If the government contemplates instating a national program called FamBond, and you as the economic adviser to the government, are mandated to evaluate the social impact of two alternatives to the program: i. Imposing an excise tax on video consoles of OMR150 per unit, or ii. Enforcing a price floor of OMR300 in the market for video game consoles.
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- S (MPC) P2 P1 PO D (MPB) 01 02 Consider the diagram above. What should be the size of the subsidy to reach the socially optimal equilibrium? a) P2 - P1 b) P2 - PO c) P1 - PO d) Q2-Q1 D; (MSB)1. The graph below illustrates the marginal abatement cost curve for a firm's carbon dioxide emissions. T° MAC A B E E₁ Carbon Dioxide Suppose that the EPA imposes an emissions tax with a per-unit charge of T* on carbon dioxide emissions. Which of the following statements are true? (Check each that is true) The tax bill to the firm will be given by the area A + B. The firm will choose to reduce emissions by (Eo - E*) units. Total abatement costs to the firm are equal to T*. Total abatement costs plus the tax bill to the firm is given by the area B + C. The firm will prefer a performance standard of E* units over this emissions tax policy.What is consumer surplus? What is the change in consumer surplus? Why it is important in estimating user benefits of a transportation project?
- b) Discuss and explain the concept of positive return toscale showing it relationship with the quantity ofproduction.To model the effects of a carbon tax on CO2 emissions, policymakers study the marginal cost of abatement B(x), defined as the cost of increas- ing CO2 reduction from x to x +1 tons (in units of ten thousand tons- Figure 4). Which quantity is represented by the area under the curve over [0, 3] in Figure 4? B(x) ($/ton) 100 75 50+ 25- 1 3 Tons reduced (ten thousands) FIGURE 4 Marginal cost of abatement B(x).A Po MC В P1 АТС P2 D P3 E PA P5 Demand ¡MR P6 Q1 Q2 Q3 d. Between what two points is Steverail's demand curve inelastic? Explain. e. What kind of tax or subsidy could the government implement to achieve a more socially optimal level of output in this market? Explain.
- Considermarketforagoodcharacterizedbythefollowinginverse demand and supply functions: PX = 10 − 2QX and PX = 2 + 2QX.a. Compute the surplus received by consumers and producers.b. Now suppose all manufacturers of this good are to pay a lump tax of $0.10that will be used by the government regulators to defray some of the environmental cost imposed by this good’s production. What will be the new surplus received by consumers and producers?c. Based on your results in part ‘b’ above, how will you evaluate the impact of this tax policy on the society? ExplainPrice 24 20 16 12 1 1 T M 20 28 O Select one: O a Price floor of $20 O b. Per unit subsidy to consumers of $8 Oc. Per unit tax on producers of $8 d. Price Celing of $12 K 36 MSC MPC MSB Quantity If the government decides to intervene in this market, which of the following would lead to a socially optimal outcome?11-) Andrew, Beth, and Cathy live in Lindhville. Andrew’s demand for bike paths, a public good, is given by Q = 12–2P. Beth’s demand is Q = 18–P, and Cathy’s is Q = 8–P/3. The marginal cost of building a bike path is MC = 21. The town government decides to use the following procedure for deciding how many paths to build. It asks each resident how many paths they want, and it builds the largest number asked for by any resident. To pay for these paths, it then taxes Andrew, Beth, and Cathy the prices a, b, and c per path, respectively, where a + b + c = MC. (The residents know these tax rates before stating how many paths they want.)A-). If the taxes are set so that each resident shares the cost evenly (a = b = c), how many paths will get built?B) Show that the government can achieve the social optimum by setting the correct tax prices a, b, and c. What prices should it set?
- In 1998, California became the first state to adopt rules requiring many sport utility vehicles, pickups, and minivans to meet the same pollution standards as regular cars, effective in 2004. As the deadline drew near, a business group (which may have an incentive to exaggerate) estimated that using the new technology to reduce pollution would increase vehicle prices by as much as $7,000. A spokesperson for the California Air Resources Board, which imposed the mandate, said that the additional materials cost was only about $70 to $270 per vehicle. Suppose that the two major producers are Toyota and Ford, and these firms were price setters with differentiated products. Show the effect of the new regulation. Is it possible that the price for these vehicles would rise by substantially more than the marginal cost would? Explain your answer.The market for paper in a particular region in the United States is characterized by the following demand and supply curves: QD = 160000 - 2000P QS = 50000 + 2000P where QDis the quantity demanded in 100-pound lots, QS is the quantity supplied in 100-pound lots, and P is the price per 100-pound lot. Currently there is no attempt to regulate the dumping of effluent into streams and rivers by the paper mills. As a result, dumping is widespread. The marginal external cost (MEC) associated with the production of paper is given by the curve: MEC = 0.0006Qs Find the competetive equilibrium price and quantity with no attempt is made to monitor or regulate the dumping of effluent. Then find the socially efficient price and output of paper.PRICE (Dollars perton) 90 81 72 63 54 45 30 27 18 9 0 0 + I 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 QUANTITY (Millions of tons) 20 40 Demand Graph Input Tool Daily Demand for Pollution Rights Price (Dollars per ton) Quantity Demanded (Millions of tons) 9 180 Suppose the government has determined that the socially optimal quantity of chemical pollution is 140 million tons per day. Corrective taxes Tradable permits One way governments can charge firms for pollution rights is by imposing a per-unit tax on emissions. A tax (or price in this case) of S of chemicals emitted will achieve the desired level of pollution. (?) Now suppose the U.S. government does not know the demand curve for pollution and, therefore, cannot determine the optimal tax to achieve the desired level of pollution. Instead, it auctions off tradable pollution permits. Each permit entitles its owner to emit one ton of chemicals per day. To achieve the socially optimal quantity of pollution, the government auctions off 140…