Label the diagram and indicate the activity of each signal that occurs between T cytotoxic cells and antigen-presenting ce CD28 Cytotoxic T cell receptor Antigen fragment Costimulatory signal required for activation of T cytotoxic cell B7 (CD80) MHC class I T-cell receptor CD8 Signal required for initial recognition of antigen Antigen- presenting cll Signal 2 Sianal 1

Label the diagram and indicate the activity of each signal that occurs between T cytotoxic cells and antigen-presenting ce CD28 Cytotoxic T cell receptor Antigen fragment Costimulatory signal required for activation of T cytotoxic cell B7 (CD80) MHC class I T-cell receptor CD8 Signal required for initial recognition of antigen Antigen- presenting cll Signal 2 Sianal 1

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter12: Body Defenses

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 14RE

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Similar questions

Why is it necessary for immature T lymphocytes toundergo a two-step selection process through whichantigen-reactive cells are first selected followed bythe elimination of cells that react strongly withself-antigens?
Somatic cells can display antigen [small peptides] and present them to the body’s immunesystem via their MHC/HLA receptor displays. Discuss the paths for MHC/HLA1 vs. MHC/HLA2display. How do these two paths fit into the health of the body, and the response of theimmune system to normal/disease/infection?
Tumour associated macrophages (TAMS) represent up to 50% of cells in solid tumours. Explain how these cells contribute to immunosuppression in the tumour microenvironment and how they help tumour cells to evade anti-tumour immune responses
Examine Type IV hypersensitivities by completing each sentence. 54 Туре IV МНС I tuberculin Compared to Type III hypersensitivities, reactions primarily involve -cell activity. T allografts Type IV dysfunction is known as secondary antigen exposure. hypersensitivity for symptoms arise 1 to several days following contact dermatitis delayed One example, infectious allergy, occurs during the reaction in persons sensitized by tuberculosis Lysosome infection. xenografts GVHD which occurs after exposure to antigens in The most common delayed allergic reaction, however, is plant resins, drugs, or personal articles, and involves the production of inflammatory cytokines that cause blistering. Autografts В -mediated reactions, while Finally, host rejection of grafted tissue can occur due to occurs when passenger cells in the grafted tissue attack host cells. MHC II Psoriasis
At first glance, it would seem a dangerous strategyfor the thymus to actively promote the survival, matura-tion, and emigration of developing T cells that bind weaklyto self peptides bound to self MHC molecules. Would itnot be safer to get rid of these T cells, along with those thatbind strongly to such self-peptide–MHC complexes, as thiswould seem a more secure way to avoid autoimmune reac-tions?
IgM antibodies are much more efficient than IgG at activating the complement cascade. However, under certain circumstances, IgG antibodies will activate the complement pathway. One example of a situation in which IgG binding to its antigen will not trigger the complement cascade is when the IgG antibodies are neutralizing a bacterial toxin protein by blocking the receptor-attachment site on the toxin. the IgG antibodies are binding self-antigens, such as chromatin released from dead cells. the IgG antibodies bind to a bacterial surface by recognizing a repetitive polysaccharide component of the bacterial capsule. the IgG antibodies bind to a viral capsid protein that is present in more than 100 copies on the viral particle surface.
Circulation in blood Immunocompetent, but still naive, lymphocyte migrates via blood A B C D E B D Immature lymphocytes D B [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ]
Match the term with its correct description Long, flexible molecule expressed on B-cells, macrophages and FDC which binds to C3d B-cell co-receptor Cognate pair Rapidly dividing cell which is going through somatic hypermutation Slowly dividing cell which searches for antigen match on FDC ✓Choose... CR2 Centrocyte CR2, CD19, CD81 TFH cell and B-cell which recognize same antigen Centroblast Choose... Choose... S
Write T if the statement is correct; write F if the statement is not correct. P and E selectins are expressed by endothelial cells. " " TCRs consist of heavy and light chains. " " A disulfide bond can be found on TCRs. " " The antigen binding site in TCRs is contributed by the variable region of the H chain and the variable region of the light chain. " " CD4, but not CD8, interacts with Lck. " "
The current view in the field of immunology is that dendritic cells are the primary antigen-presenting cells for stimulating naive T cells. One piece of evidence supporting this conclusion is the observation that IRF8-deficient individuals, which retain their tissue-resident macrophages, are susceptible to a range of severe opportunistic infections caused by intracellular bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Explain the reasoning behind this argument.
A patient develops a blood infection with a capsule-producing strain of E. coli. Phagocytosis by macrophage will be essential to destroy the bacteria and resolve the infection. Which of the following will be dirertly required to allow ADCC-opsonization of the encapsulated E. coli: O Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha O Release of C3a to the extracellular fluids O Presence of MHC II on the surface of the macrophage O Presence of IgG receptors (Fc-gamma-R) on the macrophage All of the answers apply
B cells express a complement receptor that binds to C3b cleavage products, such as iC3b and C3dg. When a B cell with an antigen receptor that specifically recognizes that pathogen also has its complement receptor stimulated because the pathogen is opsonized with these C3 fragments, B cell activation is greatly enhanced. Due to this mechanism, B cells can be activated by much lower concentrations of antigen (in this case, the pathogen) than if the antigen is devoid of complement components. This mechanism functions to: Ensure that pathogens are readily detected by the adaptive immune system before they replicate to high levels in the host Prevent B cells from being activated in response to antigens that are not pathogens Allow B cells to phagocytose the pathogen and help destroy it Induce increased rounds of B cell replication to make more pathogen-specific B cells Allow the B cell to block pathogen replication by interfering with multiple pathogen surface functions