Fatty acid biosynthesis involves what sequence of reactions?
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Q: fatty acid biosynthesis
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Fatty acid biosynthesis involves what sequence of reactions?
Question 17 options:
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condensation → oxidation → reduction → dehydration |
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condensation → oxidation → oxidation → hydration |
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condensation → reduction → dehydration → reduction |
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condensation → reduction → reduction → dehydration |
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- Answer the ff. questions: 1. To which class does each enzyme belong? Explain your answers. a.) pyruvate decarboxylase b.) alanine aminotransferase c.) alcohol dehydrogenase d.) hexokinase 2. Substrates and reactive groups in an enzyme’s active site must be precisely aligned in order for a productive reaction to occur. Why, then, is some conformational flexibility also a requirement for catalysis? 3. Some plants contain compounds that inhibit serine proteases. It has been hypothesized that these compounds protect the plant from proteolytic enzymes of insects and microorganisms that would damage the plant. Tofu, or bean curd, possesses these compounds. Manufacturers of tofu treat it to eliminate serine protease inhibitors. Why is this treatment necessary?Oxidation Reduction chemiosmosis acetyl coenzyme Give the definitionThe biosynthesis of vitamin D₂ is a two-step reaction, requiring two types of concerted pericyclic reactions. Draw in the arrows for each step and identify the structure of precalciferol. If an electrocyclic reaction is required, identify if it occurs through a conrotatory or disrotatory reaction. HO H H ergosterol hv precalciferol Cast HO ergocalciferol
- true or false 1. Catabolism is the breakdown of substances in a biological system 2. Aromatic hydroxylation occurs primarily via 1,3 position in the aromatic ring 3. Hydrolytic biotransformation can be classified as a phase 2 metabolism reaction 4. Most drugs that distibuted in the body are in their ionized form 5. Amide drugs are not prone to hydrolysis due to the stability of the carbonyl groupWhat product will accumulate if the there is a degradation defect involving the given amino acids? Choices: ?-ketoisovalerate ?-keto-β-methylvalerate ?-ketoisocaproate Phenylpyruvate 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase Isoleucine Phenylalanine Leucine Valine Tyrosine Amino Acid Degradation Pathway (some choices can be selected more than once) Choices: Phenylalanine Tyrosine Cystine Cysteine Branched-Chain Amino Acids Aromatic Amino Acids Richner-Hanhart Syndrome Tyrosinemia Type III Cystinuria Maple-Syrup Urine Disease Tyrosinemia Type 1 Phenylketonuria Black-Urine Disease Management (some choices may be selected more than once). The number after the condition represents the number of answers required for that item. Choices: Sapropterin Pegvaliase Methionine restriction Vitamin A derivatives Emollients Nitisinone No treatment yet Vitamin B1 Vitamin C Acetazolamide, Hyperdiuresis L-CDME Phenylketonuria (2) Cystinuria (3) Black Urine Disease (2)…Describe the biochemical role of coenzyme Q10 and how supplementation may impact metabolism. Be sure to address the key terms listed below as part of your discussion; you may address additional etiologies as well. coenzyme Q Complex I Complex II Complex III ubiquinone ubiquinol Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation Reactive oxygen species
- We have encountered reactions similar to the oxidation, hydration, and oxidation reactions of fatty acid degradation earlier in our study of biochemistry. What other pathway employs this set of reactions?QUESTION 3 Bioremediation is a branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms to remove toxic substances; such as, mercury, radioactive material, industrial waste, and the petroleum products of oil spills from the water and soil in our environment. Here is a figure that shows the bacterial degradation of the poly-aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthalene. In this figure showing the catabolic metabolism of naphthalene, would you predict the metabolites catechol, salicylate, and gentisate generated in this process to (select one): Proposed catabolic pathways of naphthalene by bacteria 1,2-Naphthoquinone Coumarin Catechol OH OHL 35-8-8-8-8 OH OH Naphthalene cis-1,2-Dihydroxy- 1,2-dihydronaphthalene 1,2-Dihydroxynaphthalene O COOH OH 2-Hydroxy-2H-chromene- 2-carboxylic acid cis-o-Hydroxybenzalpyruvate COOH 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde OH Gentisate COOHBSC1010C Enzymes & Cellular Regulation Dr. Harris Amylase is an enzyme found primarily in saliva and pancreatic secretions. It catalyzes the breakdown of starch into sugars. A Rate of reaction 0 20 60 40 Temperature, C C Rate of reaction 80 100 B Rate of reaction Enzyme concentration (Substrate concentration always in excess) Substrate concentration (Enzyme concentration constant) The above graphs (A, B & C) provide data on several factors that affect the activity and function of amylase in living organisms. 11. What variables are compared in graph A? What information can be obtained from this data?
- What is the catalytic efficiency of Catalase ? Table. The values of KM and kcat for some Enzymes and Substrates Enzyme Carbonic anhydrase Substrate CO2 HCO3 KM (M) 1.2 x 10-2 2.6 x 10-2 Kcat (s-1) 1.0 x 106 4.0 x 105 Catalase H2O2 2.5 x 10-2 1.0 x 107 Urease Urea 2.5 x 10-2 4.0 x 105 O A. 4 x 108 M-s-1 O B. 4 x 108 M-1.s-1 OC25x 10-9 M-s1 D. 2.5 x 102 M-1.s-1 OE 1.0 x 107 s1The use of co-factors in catalysis : 3.1 Metal-activated enzymes and metalloenzymes definition for each term 3.2 Cofactors Cofactor Origin Structure Catalytic role Nicotinamide nucleotides Flavin nucleotides Adenosine phosphates Coenzyme A Biotin Coenzyme B12 Summaries the characteristics of co-factors using this table. Use both the textbook and other online sources such as Wikipedia to find the information. Under origin, report the precursor molecule e.g. “niacin” and also try to find the Vitamin X name for each compound, e.g. “Vitamin B3”. Under structure, identify the unique structural properties that allow each cofactor to perform the function it does Under catalytic role, indicate for which reactions are each of the cofactors importantQuestion 1 and are glycosamines linked to three-carbon acids at the C-1 or C-3 positions, and components of thepolysaccharides of cell higher organisms and bacterial cell walls. Glucosides; galactosides Muramic acid; neuraminic acid O Gluconic acid; glucuronic acid O Sorbitol; ribitol