Diversification Consider two independent and identically distributed (i.i.d) risks ₁ and ₂. In class we argued that if an agent is risk-averse, she prefers to choose a diversified bundle of risk y = x₁ + x2 Show that if an agent is risk-loving, that is if her utility function u(r) is convex, she will prefer to take non-diversified risk, i.e. prefer either r1 or 2 to y.
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- 3. In the second example, we will consider the case where the insurance contract involves a deductible this is an amount which is deducted from the final pay-out of the insurance firm in the case of a loss. In other words, the consumer bears this part of the loss herself. For this problem, assume a risk-averse, expected utility maximizing consumer with initial wealth wo who faces a potential loss of size L which will occur with probability p. Her utility-of-final-wealth function is denoted by u(.). Suppose that the consumer can purchase insurance coverage of C > 0 units of wealth from a perfectly competitive insurance firm at a premium of 7 per unit of coverage, but that the firm charges an additive deductible: if C units of insurance is purchased, the insurance firm pays out (C – d) if the loss occurs, where d 20 is a fixed amount independent of C. (a). For this problem, state the consumer's expected utility function. (b). Set up the consumer's utility maximization problem and find…1. A woman with current wealth X has the opportunity to bet an amount on the o ccurrence of an event that she knows will occur with probability P. If she wager s W, she will received 2W, if the event occur and if it does not. Assume that t he Bernoulli utility function takes the form u(x) = -e-TX with r> 0. How much should she wager? Does her utility function exhibit CARA, DARA, IARA?1. A woman with current wealth X has the opportunity to bet an amount on the occurrence of an event that she knows will occur with probability P. If she wagers W, she will received 2W, if the event occur and o if it does not. Assume that the Bernoulli utility function takes the form u(x) = -e-rx with r>0. How much should she wager? Does her utility function exhibit CARA, DARA, IARA?
- Suppose that Natasha's utility function is given by u(I) = √/10/, where I represents annual income in thousands of dollars. Is Natasha risk loving, risk neutral, or risk averse? Explain. A. She is risk averse because her utility function exhibits diminishing marginal utility. OB. She is risk loving because her utility function exhibits increasing marginal utility. OC. She is risk neutral because her utility function exhibits constant marginal utility. Suppose that Natasha is currently earning an income of $40,000 (1 = 40) and can earn that income next year with certainty. She is offered a chance to take a new job that offers a 0.6 probability of earning $44,000 and a 0.4 probability of earning $33,000. Should she take the new job? Natasha should not take the new job because her expected utility of 19.85 is less than her current utility. (Round expected utility to three decimal places.)When the second order derivative of a function is greater than zero than the agent is risk lover. question; Asses the risk attitude of an agent represented by the expected utility function u(x)= 2x2-5. However my course material writes that this agent is risk neutral because it is affine. My question is that whys is this so despite the fact that the second order derivative is '4' which is >0. Kindly explain this to me with complete steps.Consider a risk-neutral agent who maximizes expected utility of wealth facing a lottery with a "bad" (wealth remains the same) and a "good" (wealth increases by a small amount) outcome (both with non-zero probabilities). For this agent, O the certainty equivalent will be zero, but the risk premium will be greater than zero. O the certainty equivalent will be greater than zero, but the risk premium will be zero. O the certainty equivalent will be greater than zero, but the risk premium will be less than zero. O the certainty equivalent will be less than zero, but the risk premium will be greater than zero. O the certainty equivalent and the risk premium will both be zero. there is not enough information to make statements about the certainty equivalent and the risk premium.
- Let us return to the Texaco-Pennzoil example from Chapter 4 and think about Liedtke's risk attitude. Suppose that Liedtke's utility function is given by the utility function in Table 13.5. a Graph this utility function. Based on this graph, how would you classify Liedtke's at- titude toward risk'? b Use the utility function in conjunction with the decision tree sketched in Figure 4.2 to solve Liedtke's problem. With these utilities, what strategy should he pursue? Should he still counteroffer $5 billion? What if Texaco counteroffers $3 billion? Is your an- swer consistent with your response to part a? c Based on this utility function, what is the least amount (approximately) that Liedtke should agree to in a settlement? (Hint: Find a sure amount that gives him the same ex- pected utility that he gets for going to court.) What does this suggest regarding plau- sible counteroffers that Liedtke might make?Draw a utility function over income u(I) that describes a man who is a risk lover when his income is low but risk averse when his income is high. 1.) Using the 3-point curved line drawing tool, draw the low income portion of his utility function. Label it UL. 2.) Using the 3-point curved line drawing tool, draw the high income portion of his utility function. Label it UH- Carefully follow the instructions above, and only draw the required objects. 500- 450- 400- 350- 300- 250- 200- 150- 100- 50- 0- Utility 20.000 40.000 60,000 80,000 Income 100,000Jin's Utility Function Wealth Utility (Dollars) 60,000 4,000 61,000 4,110 62,000 4,209 63,000 4,288 Refer to Table 27-1. If Jin's current wealth is $61,000, then O his gain in utility from gaining $1,000 is less than his loss in utility from losing $1,000. Jin is not risk averse. O his gain in utility from gaining $1,000 is greater than his loss in utility from losing $1,000. Jin is not risk averse. O his gain in utility from gaining $1,000 is greater than his loss in utility from losing $1,000. Jin is risk averse. his gain in utility from gaining $1,000 is less than his loss in utility from losing $1,000. Jin is risk averse.
- A risk-averse agent, Andy, has power utility of consumption with riskaversion coefficient γ = 0.5. While standing in line at the conveniencestore, Andy hears that the odds of winning the jackpot in a new statelottery game are 1 in 250. A lottery ticket costs $1. Assume his income isIt = $100. You can assume that there is only one jackpot prize awarded,and there is no chance it will be shared with another player. The lotterywill be drawn shortly after Andy buys the ticket, so you can ignore therole of discounting for time value. For simplicity, assume that ct+1 = 100even if Andy buys the ticket How large would the jackpot have to be in order for Andy to play thelottery? b) What is the fair (expected) value of the lottery with the jackpot youfound in (a)? What is the dollar amount of the risk premium that Andyrequires to play the lottery? Solve for the optimal number of lottery tickets that Andy would buyif the jackpot value were $10,000 (the ticket price, the odds of winning,and Andy’s…You and a coworker are assigned a team project on which your likelihood or a promotion will be decidedon. It is now the night before the project is due and neither has yet to start it. You both want toreceive a promotion next year, but you both also want to go to your company’s holiday party that night.Each of you wants to maximize his or her own happiness (likelihood of a promotion and mingling withyour colleagues “on the company’s dime”). If you both work, you deliver an outstanding presentation.If you both go to the party, your presentation is mediocre. If one parties and the other works, yourpresentation is above average. Partying increases happiness by 25 units. Working on the project addszero units to happiness. Happiness is also affected by your chance of a promotion, which is depends on howgood your project is. An outstanding presentation gives 40 units of happiness to each of you; an aboveaverage presentation gives 30 units of happiness; a mediocre presentation gives 10 units…Anne has $138.40 and is thinking about buying a lottery ticket. The lottery pays $4.00 with probability 0.20 and $172.00 with probability 0.80. To buy the ticket, Anne would need to spend all her money. Suppose we observe Anne buying the ticket. What can we infer about Anne? Choose one: O A. We cannot infer that Anne is risk neutral. O B. We can infer that Anne is not risk averse. O C. We cannot infer anything. O D. We can infer that Anne is risk averse.