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Discuss the early and late associative effects in the cellular processes of neurons that occur as a consequence of classical conditioning.
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- Which of the following manipulations does NOT impair the retrieval (i.e., the expression) of learned fear response to context. a.) lesions of hippocampus 1 month after the initial training b.) lesions of anterior cingulate cortex 1 month after the initial training c.) Lesions of the hippocampus 1 day after the initial training d.) Lesions of the amygdala 1 month after the initial trainingWhat do we mean by neuroplasticity and what does the neuroplasticity theory argue?Explain what is neuroplasticity and why is this important in the case of Phineas Gage?
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that can alleviate symptoms of depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing the amount of time that 5-HT remains active. Elevated levels of 5-HT within the synapse are associated with feelings of well-being; conversely, low levels of 5-HT are correlated with depressive symptoms. Recent studies have shown that SSRIs can also mediate their antidepressant effects by increasing brain levels of certain cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNY). IFNY directly induces the expression of the protein p11 in neighboring neurons, which then interacts with 5-HTR4, a 5-HT transmembrane receptor. Figures 1 and 2 provide information about this interaction. 5-HTR4 protein (% of WT) expression CAMP levels (% change control) from 120T 100+ 80+ 60+ 40+ 20+ 0 MEM TOT Figure 1 5-HTR4 protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fraction (MEM) of hippocampal lysate and in total hippocampal…Long-term stress and sleep deprivation is associated with memory loss and negative thoughts.Subjects in a research study were shown images after they received either a full night’s rest or limited rest. The subjects were shown negative, positive, and neutral images. The subjects with limited rest remembered most of the negative images but only half of the positive and neutral images.The structures of the brain affected by long-term stress and sleep deprivation are, respectively: Select one: a. Long-Term Stress Sleep Deprivation Temporal lobe Frontal lobe b. Long-Term Stress Sleep Deprivation Temporal lobe Parietal lobe c. Long-Term Stress Sleep Deprivation Frontal lobe Occipital lobe d. Long-Term Stress Sleep Deprivation Frontal lobe Parietal lobeWhat does the statement "synaptic transmission is quantal" mean? Provide three lines of evidence that support the statement. Edit mo Tablo
- You are in the library and just found a place in the reading room. You settle down to study when you get a call and must step outside the library to take the call. After finishing the call you are going back to the reading room and your brain helps you navigate to the location in the library that you chose for yourself. Which one(s) of the following is/are correct? * A.1) The basic neural code involved here is the pattern of neuronal firing rate and its match with the stored pattern in your brain A.2) Your exact spatial locus from different spatial boundaries would be indicated by boundary detecting cells (neurons) A.3) The basic neural code involved here is the pattern of neuronal firing rate and its mismatch with the stored pattern in your brain A.4) Boundary detecting neurons would indicate your outbound path A.5) The place cells (neurons) would index your current position in the…Researchers investigating the effect of exercise on cognitive functions conducted a con- trolled experiment in which rats were randomly assigned to sedentary (Sed), low-intensity exercise (Low-Ex), or high-intensity exercise (High-Ex) groups. During this exercise regi- ment, rats were also trained to navigate a specialized water maze, and their escape la tency, the time it took them to escape the maze, was recorded. The results of this experi- ment are depicted in the figure below. escape latency (sec) 100 80 60- 40- 20 0- day 10 day 11 Escape latencies during the training phase Based on the data above, day 12 (b) Identify the control group in the experiment. sed -- low-ex -- high-ex (a) Identify the dependent and independent variables in the experiment. day 13 Respond to each part in 3 to 4 complete sentences. (c) Compare the effects of low-intensity and high-intensity exercise on the rats' cognitive func- tion during the training period.What is localization of function? Describe how localization has been demonstrated by neuropsychology and recording from neurons. Be sure you understand the principle of double dissociations.
- Some researchers hypothesize that activity in certain regions of the brain represents the subjective value of an object being considered (meaning that the activity level in the brain region corresponds to how valuable the object is). (a) name a brain region that might represent the subjective value of an object being considered, such as a donut, and explain a research finding that supports your answer. (b) name a general factor that would influence the response of this brain region when a person views the donut (and state whether it would increase activity in the brain region or decrease it)Describe two ways in which long term memory can be organized. Provide one characterizing example for each way of the memory organization. Explain two design implications out of the seven based on knowledge of long term memory.Give an explanation for the mechanistic basis of Huntington's Disease.