Describe the effects of FGF and RA on each other in limb bud development. Give a specific example of their effects on each other in this capacity. Knowing this, propose a question/hypothesis to investigate the mechanism of how a specific morphogen controls pattern if you know that the morphogen is both necessary and sufficient AND is expressed in the correct spatial/temporal frame.
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Describe the effects of FGF and RA on each other in limb bud development. Give a specific example of their effects on each other in this capacity. Knowing this, propose a question/hypothesis to investigate the mechanism of how a specific morphogen controls pattern if you know that the morphogen is both necessary and sufficient AND is expressed in the correct spatial/temporal frame.
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- This is one given problem on my homework assignment for developmental biology. Thank you for the help!Describe the effects of FGF and RA on each other in limb bud development. Give a specific example of their effects on each other in this capacity. Knowing this, propose a question/hypothesis to investigate the mechanism of how a specific morphogen controls pattern if you know that the morphogen is both necessary and sufficient AND is expressed in the correct spatial/temporal frame.The slow block to polyspermy involves a permanent modification of the egg surface, usually through exocytosis of the cortical granules. In the 1970s, Dave Epel carried out experiments that led to the conclusion that a Ca2+ rise in the egg is both necessary and sufficient to trigger cortical granule exoctyosis (CGE). For the experiment below, describe it as correlation, loss-of-function or gain-of function. Then, indicate the predicted result. Experiment (a) – Dr. Epel injects the egg with an indicator dye that fluoresces when Ca2+ binds to it. In unfertilized eggs, there is no fluorescence and no CGE. However, when sperm are added to the eggs, he observes fluorescence and then CGE.Discuss the molecular players in myogenesis. Specify their role in the process.
- Which of the following is NOT true about the specification of the eye field? (Check all that apply) A ET induces RX, which in turn induces Otx2 and Pax6. B During late gastrulation, the forebrain and hindbrain are specified. Pax6 initiates the expression of a network of transcription factors, some of which mutually activate one another. D ET induces RX, which in turn induces Pax6 and blocks Otx2 within the eye field. ET induces RX, which in turn blocks Otx2 and Pax6. F During early gastrulation, Noggin promotes the expression of both ET and Otx2. During late gastrulation, Otx2 blocks the inhibition of ET by Noggin. H) It starts with neural induction when the neural plate is induced within the ectoderm. Pax6 is only required for the specification of the retina. During early gastrulation, Noggin indices Otx2 but blocks ET. E Feedback That's not correctWRT is a gene in C. elegans worms which is normally expressed in a specific stage of development. Worms without this gene (wrt-/wrt- genotype) survive, but grow too large, never develop some parts of their anatomy. Over-expression of WRT results in a different phenotype: the worms have stunted growth, developing mature anatomical structures too early in their growth. The following experiments were used to learn how WRT is regulated. a. Several genetic loci that are also involved in development in the worm are suspected of being regulators of WRT. Mating experiments shows that some of these genes have epistatic relationships with WRT, and others don't. Which are likely to be WRT regulators? i. Genes epistatic to WRT are unlikely to regulate WRT ii. Genes epistatic to WRT are likely to regulate WRT iii. Epistasis cannot tell us whether another gene is in the same pathway as WRT b. Deletion of locus 1 in a WRT wildtype background causes the wrt- associated phenotype (large but…What types of global regulatory mechanisms might a cell use to control the changes in gene expression that occur during attachment? How will the cell sense that it is attached and what ways does it have to turn genes on or off to take advantage of the situation? Give examples to illustrate your point.
- What are morphogens? Explain how they influence tissue patterning during embryonic development. Describe TWO specific examples to support your explanation.Lateral inhibition and induction are key processes in embryonic development. Discuss two different signalling pathways involved in these processes,Describe the dorsolateral and ventrolateral migration of trunk neural crest cells. Provide details as to the timing of the migration, pathways taken, eventual fate, and location of the neural crest cells that follow each pathway or portion of the pathways. Include a simple drawing that depicts both pathways .
- Explain whether the data is consistent with the hypothesis that titin's spring like behavior is due to the sequential unfolding of individual Ig domains.1) Are NGN2-induced neurons (NGN2-iNs) the same as the cells in neural organoids? If not, how are they different? 2) Forced expression of the transcription factor neurogenin 2 (NGN2) induces human neurons, but to mature into electrophysiologically active neurons the require the presence of another cell type: what is that? 3)What kind of expression of NGN2 is associated with a central nervous system (CNS)-like cell? How do you know this?Concept test: Please discuss thoroughly. One of the key components in vertebrate limb development is the polarizing region, also known as the zone or polarizing activity of ZPA. Where in the limb bud is this region? What axis of the limb does it help to specify? What properties of this region make it an organizing region Through which signaling molecule does it exert its effects? What is the evidence for the importance of this molecule?