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- A mouse from a true-breeding population with normal gait was crossed to a mouse displaying an oddgait called dancing. The F1 animals all showednormal gait.a. If dancing is caused by homozygosity for the recessive allele of a single gene, what proportion ofthe F2 mice should be dancers?b. If mice must be homozygous for recessive allelesof each of two different genes to have the dancing phenotype, what proportion of the F2 shouldbe dancers if the two genes are unlinked?(Assume that all the mice in the populationwith normal gait were homozygous fordominant alleles.)c. When the F2 mice were obtained, 42 normal and8 dancers were seen. Use the chi-square test todetermine if these results better fit the one-genemodel from part (a) or the two-gene model frompart (b).Albino rabbits (lacking pigment) are homozygous forthe recessive c allele (C allows pigment formation).Rabbits homozygous for the recessive b allele makebrown pigment, while those with at least one copy ofB make black pigment. True-breeding brown rabbitswere crossed to albinos, which were also BB. F1 rabbits, which were all black, were crossed to the doublerecessive (bb cc). The progeny obtained were 34black, 66 brown, and 100 albino.a. What phenotypic proportions would have beenexpected if the b and c loci were unlinked?b. How far apart are the two loci?Among Native Americans, two types of earwax (cerumen) are seen, dry and sticky. A geneticist studied theinheritance of this trait by observing the types of offspring produced by different kinds of matings. Heobserved the following numbers:OffspringParents Number of mating pairs Sticky DrySticky × sticky 10 32 6Sticky × dry 8 21 9Dry × dry 12 0 42a. How is earwax type inherited?b. Why are no 3:1 or 1:1 ratios present in the datashown in the chart?
- When many families were tested for the ability to tastethe chemical phenylthiocarbamide, the matings weregrouped into three types and the progeny were totaled,with the results shown below:ChildrenNumber NonParents of families Tasters tastersTaster × taster 425 929 130Taster × nontaster 289 483 278Nontaster × nontaster 86 5 218With the assumption that PTC tasting is dominant (P)and nontasting is recessive (p), how can the progenyratios in each of the three types of mating be accountedfor?With regard to heterosis, is each of the following statements consistent with the dominance hypothesis, the overdominance hypothesis, or both? A. Strains that have been highly inbred have become monomorphicfor one or more recessive alleles that are somewhat detrimentalto the organism. B. Hybrid vigor occurs because highly inbred strains are monomorphicfor many genes, whereas hybrids are more likely to beheterozygous for those same genes.C. If a gene exists in two alleles, hybrids are more vigorousbecause heterozygosity for the gene is more beneficial thanhomozygosity of either allele.CC DD and cc dd individuals were crossed to eachother, and the F1 generation was backcrossed to thecc dd parent. 997 Cc Dd, 999 cc dd, 1 Cc dd, and 3 ccDd offspring resulted.a. How far apart are the c and d loci?b. What progeny and in what frequencies would youexpect to result from testcrossing the F1 generationfrom a CC dd × cc DD cross to cc dd?c. In a typical meiosis, how many crossovers occurbetween genes C and D?d. Assume that the C and D loci are on the samechromosome, but the offspring from the testcrossdescribed in part (b) were 498 Cc Dd, 502 cc dd,504 Cc dd, and 496 cc Dd. How would your answer to part (c) change?
- A trait in garden peas involves the curling of leaves. A two-factorcross was made by crossing a plant with yellow pods and curlingleaves to a wild-type plant with green pods and normal leaves. AllF1 offspring had green pods and normal leaves. The F1 plants werethen crossed to plants with yellow pods and curling leaves. Thefollowing results were obtained: 117 green pods, normal leaves115 yellow pods, curling leaves78 green pods, curling leaves80 yellow pods, normal leavesA. Conduct a chi square analysis to determine if these two genesare linked.B. If they are linked, calculate the map distance between the twogenes. How accurate do you think this calculated distance is?Explain why the percentage of recombinant offspring in a testcrossis a more accurate measure of map distance when two genes areclose together. When two genes are far apart, is the percentage ofrecombinant offspring an underestimate or overestimate of theactual map distance?A particular breed of dog can have long hair or short hair. Whentrue-breeding long-haired animals were crossed to true-breedingshort-haired animals, the offspring all had long hair. The F2 generation showed a 3:1 ratio of long- to short-haired offspring. Asecond gene affects the texture of the hair. The two variants arewiry hair and straight hair. F1 offspring from a cross of these twovarieties all had wiry hair, and F2 offspring showed a 3:1 ratio ofwiry-haired to straight-haired puppies. Recently, a breeder of theshort- and wiry-haired dogs found a female puppy that was albino.Similarly, another breeder of the long- and straight-haired dogsfound a male puppy that was albino. Because the albino trait is always due to a recessive allele, the two breeders got together andmated the two dogs. Surprisingly, all of the puppies in the litterhad black hair. How can you explain this result?
- A true-breeding pea plant with round and green seeds was crossedto a true-breeding plant with wrinkled and yellow seeds. Roundand yellow seeds are the dominant traits. The F1 plants wereallowed to self-fertilize. What are the following probabilities forthe F2 generation?A. An F2 plant with wrinkled, yellow seeds.B. Three out of three F2 plants with round, yellow seeds.C. Five F2 plants in the following order: two have round, yellowseeds; one has round, green seeds; and two have wrinkled,green seeds.D. An F2 plant will not have round, yellow seedsIn sweet pea plant, an allele for purple flowers (P) is dominant when paired with a recessive allele for red flowers (p). An allele for long pollen grains (L) is dominant when paired with a recessive allele for round pollen grain (l). Bateson and Punnett crossed a plant having purple flowers/long pollen grains with one having white/flowers/round pollen grains. All F1 offspring had purple flowers and long pollen grains. Among the F2 generation, the researchers observed the following phenotypes: 296 purple flowers/long pollen grains 19 purple flowers/round pollen grains 27 red flowers/long pollen grains 85 red flowers/round pollen grains What is the best explanation for these results?A walnut comb rooster is mated to three hens. Hen A, which has a walnut comb, has offspring in the ratio of 3 walnut to 1 rose. Hen B, which has a pea comb, has offspring in the ratio of 3 walnut to 3 pea to 1 rose to 1 single. Hen C, which has a walnut comb, has only walnut comb offspring. What are the genotypes of the rooster and the three hens?