answer question 8.14! it is above chart 8.8. use chart 8.8 and chart 8.9 to answer the question! this is complete! there is no missing data here no matter what you think! answer the question! PROBLEM 8.14Explain why the carbocation shown in Figure 8.8 has a longer lifetime than it does un-der the conditions shown in Figure 8.9.PhPhPhСс-он + но-сH+ H,O*CrH.H.CH,CCH,(S-1-Chloro-1-phenylethane(S)-1-Phenylethanol (R)-1-Phenylethanol50%50%Hö:Hö:Hö: ePhPhPhHOHHOH.HC HH.CCH,0 The carbocation formed in this SNI reaction is2 When water acts as a nucleophile, the initialsp? hybridized and planar. It is not chiral, so theproducts formed from it must be racemic. Thenucleophile-water in this case-can approachequally well from either side, resulting in theformation of equal amounts of the R and Sproduct is the conjugate acid of the alcohol.3 In the final step of the reaction, a protonis removed from the protonated alcohol by abase in the solution. This base is often ae of the solvent, water in this case.e 316 D moleculeenantiomers of the product. Note that it iswater, not hydroxide ion, that acts as a nucleo-phile because the concentration of hydroxideion in neutral water is extremely low.Figure 8.8MECHANISM AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE SI REACTION OF (S)-1-CHLORO-1-PHENYLETHANE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION. PhPhPhCH;CO2Ci:CH;COOCCH3HCH;CO,HHH.CH;H;CH3C(S)-1-Chloro-1-phenylethane58% (R)42% (S)16%42%42%PhPh84%CH C-O:Ci:AcetateH3C HH3C HCH;C-0::0-CCH,ionlon pairFree carbocation3 For the other 84% of the lon pairs, the chloridelon diffuses away before the nucleophile attacks.1 The Initial species formed in this SNI reaction, acarbocation with the chloride anion situateddirectly adjacent, Is called an lon pair. There is acompetition between reaction of the nucleophilewith the lon pair and diffusion of the anlon away4 The nucleophile can approach the resulting freecarbocation equally well from eicher side, result-Ing In the formation of equal amounts of productwith retained and Inverted configuration (42% ofeach). The final result is 42% retention and 16%+42% = 58% Inversion. The reaction hasfrom the carbocation.2 Under this particular set of reaction condidons,16% of the lon pairs react with the nucleophile,acetate lon. Because the chloride is blocking oneside of the lon pair, acetate can approach onlyfrom the opposite side. Therefore, only theproduct with inverted configuration is formedwhen the nucleophile reacts at this stage.occurred with racemization and some excessinversion.Figure 8.9STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE SNI REACTION OF (S)-1-CHLORO-1-PHENYLETHANE IN ACETIC ACIDCONTAINING POTASSIUM ACETATE.

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Carbocation are the electron deficient species. They carry a positive charge on carbon atom. The…