Ia3.5 (5) Muscle and red blood cells produce lactate, which is then transported to the liver to support gluconeogenesis, a crucialprocess for synthesizing glucose and maintaining glucose homeostasis. Consumption of alcohol, particularly duringfeasting, can lead to a significant decrease in blood glucose levels, resulting in hypoglycemia. The liver is responsiblefor detoxifying ethanol. To qualify for credits, provide an explanation that includes the pertinent chemical reactionslearned in this course. [1.; 5]

When glucose is available, oxygen is present and there is an energy demand; glucose is oxidised into…

Answered: (5) Muscle and red blood cells produce…

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter19: The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 3RE

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The diabetic body's reliance on ketogenesis to provide energy due to the unavailability of glucose causes serious health and toxicity concerns in these individuals. 1) Describe the role of ketogenesis in diabetes, why the body elects this metabolic pathway, and its resultant benefits and consequences. 2) Describe the role of ketogenesis in a ketogenic diet, why this can be considered a desired metabolic state for individuals, and the benefits and consequences of ketogenesis in these intentional circumstances. Rationalize the differences between these two ketogenic instances.
(i) Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic condition characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia, the laboratory diagnosis of which involves the estimation of blood glucose levels. Diabetes mellitus has often been described as a “metabolic nightmare”, since it could lead to several other metabolic abnormalities. Discuss how diabetes mellitus may be linked to these metabolic abnormalities. (ii) What laboratory assessments may be used to diagnose or monitor each condition, resulting from the metabolic consequences of diabetes mellitus as discussed in Question 1 above?
A person is suspected with diabetes mellitus. He checks his blood glucose level by gluceose oxidase method. After the experiment, OD of his blood sample was obtained as 0.08. Based on the glucose standard curve seen in the virtual lab, calculate his blood glucose level. Is he had diabetes mellitus? (Note: Normal blood glucose level in our body is 70-110mg/dl). Find out the role and chemical reactions of the following reagents in the blood glucose level determination by glucose oxidase method. a) Sodium sulphate – Zinc sulphate solution b ) Glucose oxidase reagent c) Peroxidase A person did estimation of blood glucose level by glucose oxidase method by referring the virtual lab procedure. But he forgot to add ortho - toluidine reagent during glucose oxidase reagent preparation. a) What is the observation of the result?…
Describe the role of ethanol in cellular energy supply, the metabolism of ethanol (alcohol), the regulation of its metabolism and the disease conditions associated with its metabolism especially - hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, hepatic steatosis, Vitamin deficiency, and acetaldehyde toxicity (you should feel free to discuss other diseases that are directly related to ethanol metabolism).
Deficiencies of carnitine, carnitine acyltransferases, or carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase affect the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids. Many of the symptoms are similar, and include hypoketotic hypoglycemia, low ketone levels and low blood sugar with fasting, and damage to the liver, heart, or muscles due to fatty acid buildup in those tissues. Symptom severity varies with the form of the deficiency. The following abbreviations are used: carnitine acyltransferase (carnitine palmitoyltransferase), CPT and carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase, CACT. Identify each symptom or effect as a deficiency of CPT I, CPT II, or CACT. CPT I deficiency CPT II deficiency CACT deficiency Answer Bank acyl carnitine not transported into mitochondrial matrix long-chain fatty acids not transferred to carnitine long-chain fatty acids remain attached to carnitine in matrix
In NOT MORE than 350 words, distinguish between the metabolic concepts presented by the terms: i. fed state, ii. fasted state/in-between meals, and iii. extended fasting/starvation. Your response should highlight the energy status of cells under these conditions, preferred fuels, predominant metabolic pathways, and hormonal effects on cellular processes.
The AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) for daily intake of carbohydrate is 45% - 65% of an individual’s calorie needs. If James requires 2500 kcals per day, how many kcals (and grams) should be coming from carbohydrate sources?
(b) The results in the table below were extracted from clinical reports of pediatric age infants (3 – 5 yr.) who had marked lactic acidosis, elevated blood ammonia, poor motor coordination, and showed mental retardation. From skin fibroblast cell cultures, enzyme assays were carried out, providing the results given below. PDH = pyruvate dehydrogenase; E1, E2, E3 signify the three enzyme activities of the PDH complex measured separately. It should be noted that measurement of the overall activity of the PDH complex employs a different assay system than those used for measurement of the activi- ties of the separate, individual component enzymes. Patient or PDH Complex activity nmol/min/mg protein Native E1 E2 Ез Control +dichloroacetate nmol/h/mg protein Patient 1 0.318 + 0.054 0.322 + 0.053 1.54 0.29 3.69 + 1.21 15.1 + 3.0 Patient 2 0.050 ± 0,031 0.044 + 0.027 0.21 + 0.06 6.5 ± 3.1 9.8 ± 1.3 Patient 3 0.092 + 0.022 0.068 + 0.037 0.21 + 0.06 8.48 13.5 + 2.0 Control 1 0.932 + 0.076 1.368…
In healthy adults, the concentration of glucose in blood is approximately80 to 110 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl). After a carbohydrate-richmeal, however, the concentration may spike to 140 mg/dl. Describe thehormonal action that returns blood glucose to normal.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is thought to be exacerbated by a diet heavy in sugar. Explain?
Discuss briefly the principle involved in the estimation of blood glucose by the glucose oxidase method.
List four general categories of metabolic supplements.

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