4. If the standard reduction potential for NAD+ to NADH is -0.320 V at pH 7 and the standard reduction potential for two protons to molecular hydrogen at pH 7 is -0.414, what is AG" for a reaction that uses NADH and a proton to produce molecular hydrogen?
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- 1. a. Calculate the physiological DG of the reaction shown below at 37°C, as it occurs in the cytosol ofneurons, with phosphocreatine at 4.7 mM, creatine at 1.0 mM, ADP at 0.73 mM, and ATP at 2.6mM. The standard free energy change for the overall reaction is –12.5 kJ/mol. Phosphocreatine + ADP ® creatine + ATP b. The enzyme phosphoglucomutase catalyzes the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to glucose6-phosphate. Calculate the standard free energy change of this reaction if incubation of 20 mMglucose 1-phosphate (no glucose-6 phosphate initially present) yields a final equilibrium mixtureof 1.0 mM glucose 1-phosphate and 19 mM glucose 6-phosphate at 25°C and pH 7.0. c. If the rate of a nonenzymatic reaction is 1.2 x 10–2 μM s–1, what is the rate of the reaction at 37℃ inthe presence of an enzyme that reduces the activation energy by 30.5 kJ/mol?4. Anammox bacteria are known to obtain energy from the anaerobic autotrophic oxidation of one mole of NH4+ with N02- to form one mole of N2. (1) Develop an electron equivalent energy reaction for the anammox organisms. (2) Calculate ΔGr (kJ/1nol) for this reaction. (3) Calculate fs° for the anammox autotrophic reaction, assuming ε =0.4, N02- is the N source, inorganic carbon is the carbon source and Y is in g VSS/g N.7. Representative values of Vm and ApH for the inner mitochondrial membrane and the thylakoid membrane at 25°C are provided in the table. Vm Арн 1.0 pmf Inner mitochondrial 0.166 V 0.2251 membrane Thylakoid membrane O,1483 0.03 V B) What is the value of AG for the thermodynamically feasible (“downhill") movement of 1 mole of H across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
- . The reduction potential of FAD/FADH2 is -0.22 V and that of CoQ/CoQH2 is 0.06V. (a) If electrons were allowed to pass between the 2 electron carriers (FAD/FADH2 and CoQ/CoQH2), ___________________ would be the electron donor. (b) Calculate the ΔG0’ for a 2 electron transfer between these two electron carriers. Faraday’s constant is 96.5kJ V-1 mole-1Below are the reduction reactions for oxygen and FAD. ½202 + 2e + 2H+ → H20 E°' = 0.83 V FAD + 2e + 2H* → FADH2 E" = -0.22 V What is the potential (E") for the oxidation of FADH by oxygen? What is the AG®' for the oxidation of FADH, by oxygen? If we assume that the pumping of protons in conjunction with the oxidation of FADH, requires 120 kJ, what percentage of the energy from FADH oxidation is stored in the proton gradient (think about how many protons are pumped when FADH, transfers electrons to oxygen)?3. (a) ( The equilibria for release of molecular dioxygen (O2) and protons (H+) by human hemo- globin (HbA) are illustrated in the scheme below in which the ionization (Ka, Ka') and ligand binding (K02, Ko2') are given as dissociation constants. The proton ionizations are known to be due to Hisẞ146 and account for a major part of the Bohr effect. A mutant hemoglobin is found for which Ka = 6.6 E-9 (pKa =8.18), Ka= 2.0 E-10 (pKa' = 9.70) and Ko2 = 1.0. What is the value of Ko2' for this mutant hemo- globin? K 02 = 1.0 Κα pka = 6.3 E-7 = 6.2 H*Hb O₂ H* + НЬ 02 HHb 02 Ka' = 2.0 E-8 pKa = 7.7 H+ + Hb + 02 K 02' = 0.032 (b) (' For the mutant hemoglobin described above, illustrate the relative changes that will be observed for the oxygen dissociation curve of Y versus pO2 compared to that of normal hemoglobin where Y represents thefraction of heme sites bound by O2. Explain whether there will be a change in the Bohr effect under physiological conditions, considering the pH of normal arterial…
- a) Calculate the enzyme and specific activity of a reaction with 3 pM Hsp90 using the following information: The rate is measured in a spectrophotometer as 0.028 OD units/min in a 1 ml reaction volume. The absorbance was detected at 340nm and the extinction coefficient for NADH at this wavelength is 6200L M- 1 min-1 and the molecular mass of Hsp90 is 82.7 kDa. The rate of NADH utilisation is equivalent to the rate of ATP utilised by Hsp90. Show all your calculations and the units for your answers. b) Calculate the turnover number for the reaction described in (a) above21. Based upon the following reactions, what would be the AG" for the formation of ATP from phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP? ATP → ADP + Pi phosphoenolpyruvate pyruvate + Pi AG" = -31.5 kJ/mol AG"=-62.2 kJ/mol13. Calculate the equilibrium constant K'eg, for each of the following reactions at pH 7.0 and 25°C. glucose + Pi a. Glucose 6-phosphate + H20 enz. Glucose 6-phosphatase; AG'O=-13.8kJ/mol
- 4) Compare and contrast proton extrusion by the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE and an ATP-driven proton pump. a) What is a possible advantage of using NHE over an ATP-driven proton pump if the exchanger does not operate close to equilibrium? b) If the NHE exchanger were to operate close to equilibrium, would the ATP-driven proton pump be more or less efficient at extruding protons than NHE? Why?. For parts (a) and (b) of this problem use the following standard reduction potentials, free energies, and nonequilibrium concentra- tions of reactants and products: АТР - 3.10 mм P; = 5.90 mM ADP = 220 µM glucose = 5.10 mM pyruvate = 62.0 uM NAD+ = 350 µM NADH = 15.0 μΜ CO, = 15.0 torr half reaction E (V) NAD+ + H+ + 2e→ NADH -0.315 2Pyruvate + 6H* + 4e → glucose -0.590 pyruvate + NADH + 2H+ AG" = -64.4 k)/mol → ethanol + NAD+ + CO, ATP + H,0→ ADP + P; + H* AG" - 30.5 kl/mol (a) Consider the last two steps in the alcoholic fermentation of glu- cose by brewer's yeast: pyruvate + NADH + 2H* » ethanol + NAD* + CO, Calculate the nonequilibrium concentration of ethanol in yeast cells, if AG = -38.3 kJ/mol for this reaction at pH=7.4 and 37 °C when the reactants and products are at the concentrations given above. (b) Consider the degradation of glucose to pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway: glucose + 2ADP + 2P; + 2NAD+ →2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H,0 + 2NADH + 2H* Calculate AG for this reaction…2.For question number 1 if a mixture was prepared containing 1 M Glucose 6-Phosphate and 0.001 M Glucose 1-Phosphate the ∆G for this reaction is: included question 1 however, need help with 2 and provided the option for the answer 1.What is the Keq for the conversion of Glucose 1-Phosphate to Glucose 6-Phosphate if the phosphate transfer potential for Glucose 1-Phosphate and Glucose 6-Phosphate are 20.9 kJ/mol and 13.8 kJ/mol respectively?