4. During a lunch at a MeDonald's outlet, an office employee received about 350 g of carbohydrates with food. How will his metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in the liver change two hours after meal? For answer:
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- A diabetic who injects too much insulin can lose consciousness. Explain how injecting excess insulin can impair brain function. Explain also why an injection of glucagon can restore normal function.A __________ is synthesized from amino acids and cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane. a, steroid hormone b. protein hormone c. peptide hormone d. both b and c3.On clinical examination of54-year-old woman the tumor of adrenal cortex was revealed. The glucoselevel in blood was increased. What is the main cause of hyperglycemia in this case? For answer:a)indicatethe hormone, which is elevated in the blood of patient;b)discuss this hormone synthesis and themechanism of signal transduction in target tissues; c)describe the metabolic pathways can be stimulated by this hormone in liver.
- Discuss the following statement: “We wouldhave no idea today of the importance of insulin as a reg-ulatory hormone if its absence were not associated withthe human disease diabetes. It is the dramatic conse-quences of its absence that focused early efforts on theidentification of insulin and the study of its normal role inphysiology.”6. Increasing the aldosterone secretion during prolonged muscle activity in hot weather allows you to compensate for the sodium loss in sweat and remove the accumulated excess of potassium. Explain these biological effects of the hormone during exercise. For answer: a) draw the structure of the hormone, name the precursor for its synthesis, site of synthesis, signals for secretion, target cells; b) draw a diagram of the hormonal signal transduction starting with hormone interaction with the cell receptor;1.20-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus was hospitalized with confused consciousness,fever,nausea,vomiting and fruity smelling breath. A urine sample was strongly positive for ketone bodies.Why would an insulin injection decrease her ketone body production? For the answer: a) indicatethe causes of diabetes mellitus:describe the scheme of signal transduction by insulin. b)compare the blood glucose levels in healthy patients and in patients with diabetes mellitus; c)explain why ketone bodies synthesis is activated in this patient: describe the schemes of ketone bodies synthesis and oxidation.
- 7. A 45-year-old man was admitted to a hospital with complaints of depression, lack of appetite, general and muscular weakness. The examination revealed a parathyroid adenoma. The blood parathyroid hormone level was increased. What caused in the patient symptoms? For answer: a) indicate the chemical structure of parathyroid hormone, name the stimuli of its secretion, target organs; b) draw the scheme of hormonal signal transduction mechanism; e) describe the biological effects of parathyroid hormone excessive secretion and explain these symptoms development.7. Define the term of Hormone.3) "Outline the functions of the following hormones in relation to digestion and/or the maintenance of metabolic balance: gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), insulin, glucagon and leptin"
- 8. In patients with diabetes mellitus type I, the biochemical disorders result from changes in fuel metabolism. One of these signs is acidosis. Explain why such patients have a deviation of blood pH from the norm? For this: d) specify the hormone that accelerates this precursor formation and provide appropriate charts, starting from the hormone binding to adipocyte and concluding with precursor formation, give an explanation to the charts.cortisol is responsible for adjusting homeostasis under conditions of chronic stress shuch as starvation wheich of the following is/are upregulated under the in fluence of cortisol duringthe chronic stress of starvation. A. the conversion of adipose and animo acids into glucose B.the converion of glycogen into glucose C. the addition of body fat D. the production of new tissues such as bone and connective tissueInsulin secretion is essential in metabolism. What type ofmolecule is insulin? What structure secretes it? What factorscontrol its secretion? What is/are its target tissue(s)? Whateffect(s) does it exert?