2. The diagram below shows the structure of a sugar. ÇH2OH C=0 Но -H- но ČH2OH a. Is the sugar an aldose or ketose? b. Is the sugar at D or L configuration? Explain why. How many chiral carbons are present in the sugar? с.
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- A monosaccharide designated as an aldehyde sugar contains (a) a terminal carboxyl group (b) an internal carboxyl group (c) a terminal carbonyl group (d) an internal carbonyl group (e) a terminal carboxyl group and an internal carbonyl group1. (a) The diagram below shows a structure of monosaccharide. CH,OH C=0 H-C-OH НО—С—Н ČH,OH i. Draw the figure above on your answer sheet and indicate ALL chiral carbon(s) in your figure with *. ii. With reference to the number of carbon, the type of carbonyl group and D/L configuration, suggest a name consisting these three properties to describe the monosaccharide shown above. Explain why this monosaccharide is in D- or L- configuration as you suggested in (ii). 111. (b) The diagram below shows different configurations of glucose. CH,OH CHO ÇH,OH H H-C-OH O. OH H. H. OH H. H OH HO-C-H но H-C-OH но H. H-C-OH OH OH ČH,OH A В C i. Which glucose molecule, A or C, is in a configuration? Explain. ii. What is the name of the conversion among different configurations? iii. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) consist of modified sugars. Give a name of the typical modification to the sugar. What makes GAG ideal for the fluid in the joints? to1. Below are two isomers of mannose. Classify this sugar based on sugar number. Is this sugar an aldose or a ketose? Indicate which sugar is in the D conformation and which is in the L confirmation. Are these sugars enantiomers or diastereomers? H но-н НО- -Н Н- -ОН Н -ОН CH2OH Н- ІІ НО НО I OH -ОН Н– -Н CH₂OH =1
- 30. The shown structure is a cyclic D-monosaccharide. Which of the following statements is true? HOCH₂ H OH H OH OH CH₂OH A. The chemical can react with methanol to form a hemiacetal in solution without forming an open chain structure B. The chemical needs to form an open chain structure to be able to react with methanol to produce a glycosidic linkage in solution C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B13. The following diagram shows two possible cyclic forms of glucose. H. OH но HOHO HO но но OH ОН OH Structure A alpha-D-glucopyranose In the form on the left, the systematic name of glucose is alpha-D-glucopyranose What is the systematic name of Structure A?Which of the following is/are reducing sugar/s?why? A CHOH CHOH CHOH OH OH CHOH OH CH,OH OH OH он C CHOH OH CHOH CHOH HỌ CH2OH OH OH OH OH ÓH u tte Select one: O a. Conly, it is a monosaccharide with a free carbonyl group O b. A and B only, both disaccharides are made from aldoses O C. B, C and D, they have at least one free carbonyl group O d. A and D only, both disaccharides are made from ketosis O. e. B and D, each has a free carboxyl group
- 1. An oligosaccharide is a repeating unit of a-D-galactopyranosyl- (a-1- 3)-allopyranoside. Each of the disaccharide unit is linked via B-1-->4 glycosidic bond. Identify and draw the molecular structure. Identify and draw the structure. The oligosaccharide has 10 monosaccharide residue a. Upon the action of alpha-glycosidase, identify and draw all the possible products. b. What is the L-isomer of the Fisher projection of one epimer of D-allopyronoside. Draw the structure. Why is this an epimer of the monosaccharide? c. Is this saccharide a good substrate for glycolysis? Why or why not?2. Name the disaccharide (shown at right) formed by glycosidic linkage of D-Glucose and D-Fructose. ● Name this disaccharide: Do you expect this disaccharide to be a reducing sugar? Briefly explain. OH HOCH₂ H CH₂OH I H OH H H HO OH H H O OH H CH₂OHF 9. In sugars that contain many chiral centers, only the chiral center that is most distant from the carbonyl carbon is designated as D (right) or L (left). Determine which of the structures below are D and L sugars. H-C-OH HIC OH H-C-OH I CH₂OH D-Ribose HO C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH I CH₂OH D-Arabinose H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH T HO-C-H I H-C-OH I CH₂OH D-Xylose D-Aldoses Five carbons H-C-OH H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH HO-C-H HO-C-H H-C-OH CH₂OH CH₂OH CH₂OH CH₂OH D-Ribose D-Arabinose D-Xylose D-Lyxose HO-C-H HO-C-H H- H-C-OH CHO IMPORTANT NOTE: most hexoses in living organism are D isomers. Thus, the D prefix is often omitted. DO NOT confuse this with amino acids. Remember that the most common amino acids in living organism are L isomers. L sugars are mirror images of D sugars. H-C-OH -OH 10. Sugars (monosaccharides) can be trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, etc., depending on the number of carbons they have. Determine the number of carbons in the structures above (#9) and determine…
- 13. The structures of sphingosine and choline are given below. Draw the condensed structure and block diagram of the sphingolipid formed from these molecules and a molecule of myristic acid. CH3-(CH2)12-CH=CH-CH-OH CH₂ CH3-N-CH2-CH2-OH CH-NH2 sphingosine CH2-OH CH3 choline BLOCK DIAGRAM (draw below) CONDENSED STRUCTURE 14. Which fatty acid below should have the highest melting point? Why? Explain your answer based on structure and forces of attraction. OH O OH TOH OH1. The diagram below shows the chemical structure of two sugar molecules. СНО b. CHZOH а. HO C=0 НО—Н H -H- Но- НО —Н CH2ОН CH;OH How many chiral carbons are in sugars a and b? b. Are they D- or L- sugars? Explain your answer. What is the name of this kind of representation of the sugars in the diagram? а. с. d. If these two sugars form a cyclic structure using the hydroxyl group on the last carbon, will they form furanose or pyranose? Also, on each sugar on the Answer Sheet, circle the carbon which will become the anomeric carbon in the cyclic structure.3. Consider the following amino acid: HS. OH NH2 a. Draw this structure in a solution of potassium hydroxide. b. Draw this structure in a solution of hydrochloric acid c. Draw this structure as a zwitterion. d. If the pKa of the carboxylic acid group is 2.46 and the pka of the amine group is 9.41, calculate the isoelectric point of this amino acid.