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- 1. What proportion in the human genome are actual genes? 2. What are tandem repeats?1. The Human Genome Project has demonstrated that in humans of all races and nationalities approximately 99.9 percent of the genome sequence is the same, yet different individuals can be identified by DNA fingerprinting techniques. a. What is one primary variation in the human genome that can be used to distinguish different individuals? b. How has the concept of a reference genome evolved to encompass a broader understanding of genomic variation in humans?1. What are the 4 crucial characteristics of genetic material? Briefly describe how why each characteristic is applicable to DNA. 2. The following questions are about gene transcription and translation. a. Use the nucleotide sequence TGA CTA ACG GCT, transcribe into mRNA, and translate into a protein. b. Using this sequence, give an example of a synonymous, a non- synonymous and indel mutation. c. Which will have the biggest impact on protein evolution?
- 1. How does the idea of the 4D genome help explain normal orderly human cellular and organismal functioning? 2. How does the idea of the 4D genome explain possible mechanisms behind disordered states like cancer?15. What is epistasis, and what is pleiotropy? Describe with examples.16. What is the role of ribose in Central Dogma of Molecular Biology? Explain all the part in a detailed manner1. If an organism had a genome made up of 20,000 base pairs, how many bases (As, Ts, Cs, and Gs) does it actually have? If you know that there are 4,000 Ts, how many Cs? As? Gs?
- 1. The human genome (3.4 Gb) would be 2.3 metres long if stretched linearly. In not more than 200 words, explain how a genome of this size is fit into a cell of minuscule proportions. You may add a diagram to your answer.27. Based on your knowledge of the structure and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, which would you expect to be larger, the percentage of the human genome that is translated into protein or the percentage of the genome of a bacterium that is translated into protein? Why?21. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) mutations are rarely fatal. Which of the following is not an explanation of this fact? a. only about 2 % of the human genome codes for proteins b. many genes are not expressed in most cells c. there are two copies of a gene present d. most SNPS do not code for an extremely important part of a protein e. all of the preceding are satisfactory explanations as to why SNPS are rarely fatal.
- 5. A light year is approximately 9.46 x 1012 kilometres. Calculate in light years, the approximate total length of DNA in all the undergraduate students studying at Cardiff University given that: (i) the human haploid genome comprises approx. 3.2 x 109 base-pairs (bp) DNA; (ii) 10 bp of DNA has a length of approx. 3.4 nm, (iii) an adult human is constructed from about 3.7 x 1013 cells (Bianconi et al, (2013), Ann Hum Biol 40, 463–471). (iv) There are approx. 23,800 undergraduate students at the University. Show your calculations in full.5. A light year is approximately 9.46 x 1012 kilometres. Calculate in light years, the approximate total length of DNA in all the undergraduate students studying at Cardiff University given that: (i) the human haploid genome comprises approx. 3.2 x 109 base-pairs (bp) DNA; (ii) 10 bp of DNA has a length of approx. 3.4 nm,(iii) an adult human is constructed from about 3.7 x 1013 cells (Bianconi et al, SEP (2013), Ann Hum Biol 40, 463-471). (iv) There are approx. 23,800 undergraduate students at the University. SP Show your calculations in full.s5. There are huge amount of DNA in human that are not genetic sequence. Categorize them. The following sequence is a minisatellite or microsatellite or interspersed repeat DNA? АТАТАТАТАТАТАТАТАТАТАТАТАТ АТААТАТАТАТАТАТАТАТАТАТАТА TATAT.