What is meant by the "two-hit" model of cancer development? Describe this theory in detail and explain why this makes sense with the observation that cancer is typically seen in people who are >60 years of age.
Q: What is the difference between saying that cancer is inherited and saying that the predisposition to…
A: A hereditary inclination or hereditary weakness to malignant growth implies that an individual has…
Q: Hi can you explain how environmental factors contribute to cancer?
A: Ans: Cancer: The uncontrolled growth of cells due to various internal and external factors is…
Q: How can a defect in p53 gene contribute to cancer development?
A: Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some…
Q: How is an inmortal cancer cell line different from a regular cancel cell line ?
A: Cancerous cells : In our body cell division and differentiation is a highly regulated and controlled…
Q: Which of the following statements about tumor suppressor genes is FALSE? a) Inactivation of tumor…
A: False statement about tumor suppressor genes.
Q: Explain how mutations in tumor-suppressor genes can be recessive at the level of the cell but cause…
A: A tumor suppressor gene is normally a cellular gene that regulates the cell proliferation or DNA…
Q: Is there a possibility that by manipulating the microenvironment, we could disrupt the signals…
A: Mutator phenotype is seen in cancer cells. This condition is caused by mutations in genes that are…
Q: What significance do BRCA1 and BRCA2 have in regard to developing cancer, and what types of cancer…
A: BRCA 1 & BRCA 2 are found pair in all the organisms where one gene is obtained from each of the…
Q: What is happening in all cancer? What process is this disrupting?
A: Cancer in simple term can be referred to a set of diseases which are caused by the production of an…
Q: Humans are living longer, and that increases the risk of getting cancer during their lifetime.
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Q: What is the cancer stem cell hypothesis?
A: Every living organism is made up of cells. A cell is a small self-contained unit within a whole…
Q: Which genetic cancer predisposition syndrome is caused by germ-line mutations in the p53 gene and is…
A: P53 is the tumor suppressor protein (TP53 in humans) which is also described as the guardian of the…
Q: When an invasive cancer occurs? A. When genetic mutation occurs in a cell B. Cells are abnormal…
A: * Invasive cancer means a cancer which was grown past the original tissue where it developed and…
Q: Mrs. Ortez has type III breast cancer and is now concluding the trial portion of a certain research…
A: Stage III breast cancer is a stage where the cancer has spread beyonf the tumor region and might…
Q: Answer the following multiple-choice questions about cancer-promoting mutations. A gene whose…
A: Cancer cells by definition, proliferate in defiance of normal controls and are able to invade and…
Q: Tissues and differentiation: a) Explain what is meant by determination and differentiation b)…
A: In biology, the process of determination is related to the process in which embryonic stem cells…
Q: Please discuss the difference between cancers caused by tumor viruses and cancers caused by…
A: Cancer is a disease where cells grow or divide uncontrolly.
Q: Describe cancer cell types and the differentiation process that occurs during cancer development.
A: Cancer cells are very notorious for causing high Morbidity and mortality among patients of various…
Q: How mutations, chromosomal changes epigenetics, and environmental agents play roles in the…
A: Cancer cells breaks the most basic rule of cell behavior by which multicellular organism are built…
Q: Cancer cells proliferate in an uncontrolled way and are capable of spreading by ____________ and…
A: The condition of uncontrolled cell division is called cancer. This can be due to genetic mutations,…
Q: An individual can inherit a gene in which expression has been altered by an ________ change with no…
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Q: How Cancer Involves the Proliferation of a Clone of Cells?
A: When the cell division becomes out of control and cells starts accumulating it results in cancer.
Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do…
A: Oncogene is a type of gene having the ability which can develop a cell to a tumor cell when…
Q: Discuss how growth factors influence cell signaling and proliferation that leads to cancer…
A: Formation of a cancer cell from a normal cell is a very complex process involving various mechanisms…
Q: Cancer can arise spontaneously, but it can also be induced as a result of environmental factors such…
A: Cancer is a collection of diseases characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled growth. Cancer arises…
Q: What does the cancer stage refer to
A: A cancer's stage explains the size of the primary tumour and how far the cancer has spread across…
Q: Which of the following is not a cancer risk factor.
A: Cancer is a disease which is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of living cells. It can…
Q: What are Ras protein and p53? How can mutations in the genes for these proteins contribute to…
A: TP53 is the gene that translates the protein called tumor protein p53 which acts as a tumor…
Q: Why does inflammation fuel cancer development/invasion?
A: Introduction :- The immune system uses inflammation as one of its defence mechanisms against…
Q: How would you relate the cancer cellular pathophysiology with genomic instability?
A: Cancer is a well-known disease these days. In the United States, one in every two women and one in…
Q: Describe the steps by which the TP53 gene responds to DNA damage and/or cellular stress to promote…
A: It codes for a protein or a functional product rRNA (ribosomal RNA) or tRNA (transfer RNA). DNA is…
Q: Explain the difference between proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor mutations in terms of its…
A: Cancer is a medical condition that is characterized by the growth of tumors in the body of an…
Q: During which phase(s) of cancer development are cancer cells still highly susceptible to immune…
A: Malignant growth is a disease caused when cells partition wildly and spread into encompassing…
Q: rds, explain metastasis and why this process is important in the prognosis of a patient, and is this…
A: There are different kinds of cancer. A tumor can be cancerous or it can be benign. It is caused by…
Q: The chapter points out that about one of every five women and one of every four men in the United…
A: Cancer: It is a disease where cell divide abnormally and damage other cells. There are different…
Q: Explain the normal regulation of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that prevents cells from…
A: Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes are two types of genes that relate cell cycle regulation to…
Q: In your own words, explain each of the hallmarks of cancer. (immortality, produce go signals,…
A: Introduction : Cancer refers to the rapid divisions of abnormal cells in the body and their…
Q: What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene? How can mutations in…
A: Proto-oncogenes are normally switched off. But when they get activated they cause tumors. On the…
Q: EXPLAIN BRIEFLY: Explain the molecular mechanisms of cancers caused by a P53 gene mutation.
A: Answers P53 also defined as tumour suppressor Gene. Hence it protect the cells from various damages…
Q: What could cause cancer in our natural environment? Or what activities do we carry out that could…
A: Cancer: Cancer is the condition of uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in a body. These…
Q: Genetic tests that detect mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor-suppressor genes are widely…
A: Answer: Introduction: The genes like the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 (BRCA2) genes…
Q: Tissues and differentiation a)Explain what is meant by termination and differentiation ).b) Explain…
A: The question has been assumed to be "a)Explain what is meant by determination and…
Q: Part A and B A. What are the Hallmarks of Cancer? A) Criteria that are used to identify tumors in…
A: The hallmarks of cancer are the biological capabilities that are required during the development of…
Q: . Why is chronic inflammation a risk factor for cancers? Indicate as many answers as apply. O…
A: In chronic inflammation, the process of inflammation begins even if no injury does not end. An…
Q: discuss briefly the concepts of: Cell differentiation Morphogenesis Pattern formation Also, cite…
A: Introduction :- Cell differentiation is a development process which involves production of different…
Q: Please explain the relationship between proto-oncogenes and the cell cycle. Then describe three…
A: The cell cycle has several checkpoints which regulate the various stages of cell cycle. There are…
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- Despite all that we know about cancer today, some types of cancers are still increasing in frequency. Lung cancer among nonsmoking women is one of these. What reason(s) might there be for this increasing problem?Out of these 8 hallmarks ( sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, deregulating cellular energetics and metabolism, and avoiding immune destruction). Rank them from least important to most for cancer development. Explain in 2-3 sentences how.Lung cancer mitotic index: 0.25 Breast cancer mitotic index: 0.35 Skin cancer mitotic index: 0.4 Looking at the mitotic index for all 3 cancer types, which one is likely to be the most resistant (least affected) to the growth-inhibiting effects of traditional chemotherapy drugs that target rapidly dividing cells?
- In your own words, what is angiogenesis and what is the importance of this process in cancer progression?Skin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal to that of allother cancers combined. Following is a graph [modified fromK. H. Kraemer (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94:11–14]depicting the age of onset of skin cancers in patients with orwithout XP, where the cumulative percentage of skin cancer is plotted against age. The non-XP curve is based on 29,757 cancerssurveyed by the National Cancer Institute, and the curverepresenting those with XP is based on 63 skin cancers from theXeroderma Pigmentosum Registry.1. Describe & explain the pathophysiology of cancer based on the diagram. Reference: https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/cancer-etiology-pathophysiology-types-diagnosis-and- treatment/ Acquired (environmental) DNA damaging agents: • chemical • radiation viruses Activation of growth- promoting oncogenes NORMAL CELL DNA Damage Failure of DNA repair Mutations in the genome of somatic cells Alteration of genes that regulate apoptosis Malignant neoplasm / Successful DNA repair CANCER Inherited mutations: • Genes affecting DNA repair • Genes affecting cell growth Expression of altered gene products and loss of regulatory gene products Inactivation of cancer suppresor genes Clonal expansion Additional mutations (progression) T Heterogeneity
- In Metastatic Breast Cancer [such as in Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Carcinoma, NOS; Breast Invasive Cancer, NOS; Invasive Breast Carcinoma; Breast Invasive Lobular Carcinoma; Breast Mixed Ductal and Lobular Carcinoma] what role does the genes Tp53 and Tp63 have? Would one of them affect the other (i.e. mutation, etc) or there is not relationship among the two genes at all.What are the heritable changes in cells that contribute to cancer development?Our government has finite funds to devote to cancer research.Discuss which of the following areas of research you think shouldreceive the most funding.A. Identifying and characterizing oncogenes and tumorsuppressorgenesB. Identifying agents in our environment that cause cancerC. Identifying viruses that cause cancer D. Devising methods aimed at killing cancer cells in the bodyE. Informing the public of the risks involved in exposure tocarcinogensIn the long run, in which of these areas would you expect successfulresearch to be the most effective in decreasing human mortalitydue to cancer?
- Discuss how growth factors influence cell signaling and proliferation that leads to cancer induction, progression, and metastasis. Be sure to include the involvement of apoptosis and angiogenesis.Cancer is driven by alterations in the expression of critical genes, namely tumour suppressors, which play a growth-regulatory role, and proto-oncogenes, which promote the growth and survival of the cell. For both classes of cancer-related gene, suggest a likely mechanism of alteration and sketch the consequence for the gene and protein. Tumour suppressor gene (i.e. TP53, PTEN or APC) Oncogene (i.e. RAS, MYC)From what cell types does breast cancer usually arise?