Lysine catabolism begins with reductive amination of a-ketoglutarate to give saccharopine in a multistep process. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the reaction mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions 7 COO H NH3 COO OOC B: COO H NH3 COO BH+
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- One of the steps in the pentose phosphate pathway for glucose catabolism is the reaction of xylulose 5-phosphate with ribose 5-phosphate in the presence of a transketolase to give glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. (a) The first part of the reaction is nucleophilic addition of thiamin diphosphate (TPP) ylide to xylulose 5-phosphate, followed by a retro-aldol cleavage to give glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and a TPPcontaining enamine. Show the structure of the enamine and the mechanism by which it is formed. (b) The second part of the reaction is addition of the enamine to ribose 5-phosphate followed by loss of TPP ylide to give sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. Show the mechanism.Imidazoleglycerol‑phosphate dehydratase is an enzyme in the histine biosynthesis pathway. It catalyzes the E1 dehydration of D‑erthyro‑imidazole‑glycerol phosphate to imidazole acetol‑phosphate. This is a rare example of a biological E1 reaction, as most biological elimination reactions occur through E1cB instead. In this reaction, D‑erthyro‑imidazole‑glycerol phosphate is first protonated to form a good leaving group. Then, the leaving group is ejected to form the resonance‑stabilized carbocation shown. Draw curved arrows forming the most stable resonance structure to explain why this reaction goes through an E1 mechanism. Draw curved arrows to form the most stable resonance structure.a Lactate dehydrogenase H H3C-C-coO- ОН ooc-C-CH3 L-(+)-Lactase Pyruvate This is a(an) b Creatine kinase CH3 O CH3 O H2N, АТР ADP NH2 NH2 Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate Creatine Phosphocreatine This is a(an)
- The correct expression for the autoprotolysis of CH3COOH is O2CH3COOH - CH3COOH +OH¯ O 2CH3COOH CH3COO CH3COOH2* O CH3COOH= CH3COO¯ + CH3COOH2* 2CH3COOH CH3COOH + CH3COOH2 2CH3COOH CH3COO¯ + HOOOSHPlease draw by hand. Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) catalyzes the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The enzyme's catalytic groups are Glu 165 and His 95. In the first step of the reaction, these catalytic groups function as a base and an acid catalyst, respectively. Propose a mechanism for the reaction. ОН 2-03Р0 ОН dihydroxyacetone phosphate triosephosphate isomerase 2-03РО. H glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate FYI Glu is glutamic acid and his is histadineTriosephosphate isomerase (TIM) catalyzes the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The enzyme’s catalytic groups are Glu 165 and His 95. In the first step of the reaction, these catalytic groups function as a general-base and a general-acid catalyst, respectively. Propose a mechanism for the reaction.
- 1 Norepinephrine can be metabolized to the following metabolite in two steps as shown below. What might be the enzymes (in the correct order) responsible for these biotransformations? но но но HN -OH но- но но Он OH OH norepinephrine COMT / MAO MAO / Cyp450 MAO / Aldehyde dehydrogenase Сур450 / МАОThe following reaction is catalyzed by a PLP-dependent enzyme. Propose a mechanism for this reaction. H₂N H OH H OH H₂N XX 5An enzymatic assay was performed using the enzyme phophofructokinase-1, which catalyses the committed step of the glycolysis pathway. What is the final concentration of the fructose 6-phosphate substrate in a test tube containing the following: 250 µL of 150pM fructose 6-phophate, 100 µL 20 mg.ml-1 phosphofructoskinase-1 and 150 µL 100mM buffer pH 7.5
- In the body, during the citric acid cycle the following reaction occurs as the first part of an enzyme mediated process. но OH YYYYYY OH OH H₂O NaBH4 LiAlH4 H₂SO4 and heat K₂Cr2O7 HQ OH What reagent would be used to bring about this reaction in the laboratory? OH 3t of pt pt pt fpt H- H- H- -OH -OH -OH CH₂OPO,² Ribose 5-phosphate Arrow-pushing Instructions XW H-N-Enzyme H-C CHO "tom H- -OH Conversion of ribose 5-phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (see above) is a step in the pentose phosphate degradation pathway. Write a detailed mechanism for the reaction above, then draw curved arrows to depict electron reorganization for step 5, the first step in hydrolysis of the iminium group below. Draw arrows to give enolates in the oxide resonance form. H-C-0-H H CH₂OPO,² Glyceraldehyde 3-phosophate + :0-H H CHO CH₂OPO, PreviousNeostigmine is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. The enzyme attempts to catalyse the same reaction on neostigmine as it does with acetylcholine. However, a stable intermediate is formed which prevents completion of the process and which results in a molecule being covalently linked to the active site. Identify (draw) the stable intermediate and explain why it is stable.