How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis gain access through that preferred portal of entry Explain how the Mycobacterium tuberculosis is able to evade innate human host defenses that prevent this from occurring. discuss specific components of your pathogen. (Examples may include capsules, cell wall components, exoenzymes, antigenic variation and penetration of the host cell cytoskeleton.)
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- Can a mouse infected with Bacillus anthracis generate antibodies against the S-layer? How do you know? I need help finding the answer in the article and explain in short answer link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/Our environment contains masses of microorganisms, many of which reside as commensal organisms on our body’s mucosal and epithelial surfaces without causing disease. What two features distinguish a pathogenic microbe from these commensal microbes?Mycobacterium tuberculosis recruits phagocytes to the site of infection. Based on this information, which of the three methods shown here does the bacterium likely use to avoid being destroyed?
- Once these pathogens enter the host the difference in environmental conditions signals for them to germinate and turn into growing cells. Compare Inhalation anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) to Tetanus (Clostridium tetani). Besides endospores used in transmission, what is a simple explanation to help explain how each microbe survives and grows in each location?A 9 year old boy with cystic fibrosis – a genetic disease that causes a number of problems, including the build-up of thick sticky mucus in the lungs- complained of increasing fatigue, shortness of breath and worsening cough. When his mother took him to the doctor, she mentioned that his cough was a blue green color. His doctor immediately suspected a lung infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa a common complication of cystic fibrosis. A sputum was collected and sent to the clinical laboratory. In the Clinical laboratory, the sample was plated onto Mac Conkey agar and blood gar and incubated. Mucoid colonies surrounded by bluish green color grew on both types of agar media. The colonies on Mac Conkey had no pink coloration, so the medical technologist concluded that the cells did not ferment lactose. She noted that the blue green color on the agar plates and in the sputum, knowing that P.aeruginosa makes several pigmented compounds that give rise to colors ranging from yellow to blue. One…Describe an immunodeficiency that a person could have that would cause the immune system to select the incorrect immune response to Mycobacterium leprae.What gene would be mutated and how would this alter the immune response to this pathogen?
- All of the following are mechanisms used by pathogens to penetrate host defenses EXCEPT: 1. Capsules 2. Enzymes 3. Antigenic variation 4. None of the other four answers (all are examples of how pathogens penetrate host defenses) 5. Penetration of cytoskeletonAll the following would be of benefit to extracellular pathogens, except A) O the presence of a capsule B) O ability to prevent the fusion of a phagosome and lysosome C) O ability to prevent of opsonization D) O ability to alter cell surface proteins via phase variation E) O There are no exceptions; all are of benefit to extracellular pathogens.The intestinal epithelium produces a variety of antimicrobial peptides that play a crucial role in establishing the balance of commensal organisms versus pathogens constituting the healthy host microbiota. Studies have found that, in Crohn's disease, individuals have dysbiosis, a condition in which there is disruption of the normal composition of the host microbiota. It is, therefore, not surprising that several cases of Crohn's disease have been linked to: Reduced recruitment of neutrophils to the intestinal mucosa O Increased IL-10 secretion by intestinal macrophages O Reduced production of IL-1-3 in response to microbial antigens O Defects in production of antimicrobial peptides in Paneth cells O Reduced number of Th17 cells in the lamina propria
- Intercellular communication has been studied in detail in Myxococcus xanthus. Review the life cycle of this developmentally complex microbe and indicate at what points during this process intercellular signaling molecules might be exchanged and the message they would convey.Which virulence factor description among A-E is false? view Later A) O Adhesins: fimbriae or pili are examples of this B) O Invasins: virulence factor of intracellular pathogens C) O Kinases: breaks apart a blood clot; streptokinase is an example. D) O Hyaluronidases: dissolves connections between cells of a tissue E) O Coagulases: found in certain Staphylococcus pathogens; induces clot formation in the body F) O None of A-E is false; all are true 12 Review Later O Type here to search 13 * 12 * esc 立Which of the following is NOT true of bacterial exotoxins? 1. Important in the pathogenesis of many human diseases 2. Their toxic effect can be systemic, affecting cells distant from the primary site of infection 3. None of the other four answers (All are true of bacterial exotoxins) 4. Different exotoxins may affect different types of cells (e.g., nerves, gastrointestinal mucosa) 5. Some exotoxins have two components, A (active) and B (binding)