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Explain the function(s) of Hsp90. Name two factors which lead to the increase of this protein in cells.
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- Explain why in cells that are genetically NF1–/–, basal levels of GTP-bound activated Ras are higher than normal and respond to growth factor stimulation by increasing rapidly to far higher levels.How is cigarette smoking related to elastase function? Methionine sulfoxide is formed by cigarette smoke in the antitrypsin protein, which leads to the full manifestation of the disease in individuals heterozygous for emphysema. Oxidation of methionine 358 by cigarette smoke of the elastase inhibitor active site leads to an increased inhibition of elastase and subsequent overaccumulation of mucus in the lungs. The inhibitor of elastase is axidized by cigarette smoke so elastase doesn't function properly in healthy individuals. Cigarette smoke modifies the elastase methionine residues such that the enzyme activity is blocked.explain the following prperties of G protein: structure of G- activation cycle and signaling pathway for Gaq
- Explain how the pKa for histidine 57 is important to its role in the mechanism of chymotrypsin actionBriefly describe the following properties of the Rab and Arf GTPases: a) Size, structure and cellular localization (for structure I want to know if they are lipidated and any other unique features) , b) How are they activated and inactivated (i.e. include the GEFs and GAPs), c). Give an example of downstream cellular effects.Discuss that, what happens when Gαq proteins are stimulated?
- . Suggest the effects of each of the following mutations on the physio- logical role of chymotrypsinogen: (a) R15S (b) Cis (c) T147SAtherosclerosis can obstruct or block flow in arteries, including those that provide oxygenated blood to the heart. Elevated levels of [ Select ] ["LDL, and VLDL", "HDL"] are associated with atherosclerosis, most likely because of their role in delivery of lipids to peripheral tissues and cells. Smooth muscle cells are recruited to the site of damage, where they [ Select ] ["induce apoptosis of endothelial cells", "proliferate"] , hence expanding the extent of the lesion.GTP binding proteins are molecular switches. How do GTP binding proteins work? Provide two examples of GTP binding proteins that function in intracellular protein transport. Make a drawing that illustrates the function of each of these proteins in their respective roles. Predict the direct outcome of a mutation that: Inhibits GTPase activity Inhibits interaction with the GEF