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Discuss the Single and double circulation in animals
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- Describe the movement in ions in action potentials of these cells - pacemaker cell - cardiac contractile cellAn artificial heart works in closed loop by varying its pumping rate according to changes in signals from the recipient's nervous system. For feedback compensation design it is important to know the heart's open-loop transfer function. To identify this transfer function, an artificial heart is implanted in a calf while the main parts of the original heart are left in place. Then the atrial pumping rate in the original heart is measured while step input changes are effected on the artificial heart. It has been found that. in general, the obtained response closely resembles that of a second-order system. In one such experiment it was found that the step response has a %OS = 30% and a time of first peak 7, 127 sec (Nakamura, 2002). Find the corresponding transfer function. Aside from the corresponding transfer function, determine the following as well: delay time, rise time, settling time and steady state error if input is a step response. CO Mlist in sequence the components of the elctrical conducting system of the human heart
- Compare the path of blood in animals with a one-circuitcirculatory pathway vs. a two-circuit pathway.Diagram the path of blood flow through the heart, lungs,and body of a fish and of a mammal or bird.Leaky Na+ channels in the cells of the SA Node do which of the following? a-allow a slow repolarization which causes the delay in the AV Node b-allow a slow depolarization which causes the atria to contract for a longer time and fill the ventricles more completely c-allow a slow repolarization which brings the membrane potential back to a resting state d-allow a slow depolarization that eventually reaches the threshold for voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
- In which animal does blood flow through a pulmocutaneous circulatory circuit before circulating through the rest of the body? insect fish frog annelid molluscThe pressure in the aorta changes throughout the cardiac cycle. During systole, as the heart contracts, the outflux of blood into the aorta causes an increase in pressure, whereas during diastole the pressure decreases as the heart relaxes. A simple model for the aortic pressure waveform is given by the Windkessel effect described by the image below. In this model, the heart is considered a pressure generating pump which is directly connected to an elastic compartment (the aorta), which in turn is connected to a rigid set of peripheral vessels (the hose of the firefighter). 5 Pump Heart Air Windkessel Elastic arteries In order to find the aortic pressure waveform from the Windkessel model, a mass balance formulation around the aorta must be formulated. Coming into the aorta from the heart we have the flowrate Q(t). According to conservation of mass, this inflow rate Q(t) must be equal to the outflow rate into the peripheral vessels and the change in volume of the aorta. To find these…Clusters of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate blood pressure are known collectively as ________. baroreceptors angioreceptors the cardiomotor mechanism the cardiovascular center