Consider the problem of sending a binary message, 0 or 1, through a signal channel consisting of several stages, where transmission through each stage is subject to a fixed probability of error α. Suppose that X0 = 0 is the signal that is sent and let Xn, be the signal that is received at the nth stage. Assume that {Xn} is a Markov chain with transition probabilities, Poo = P11 = 1- α and P01 = P10 = α, where 0 < α < 1. (a) Determine P {Xo = 0, X1 = 0, X2 = 0}, the probability that no error α occurs up to stage n = 2. (b) Determine the probability that a correct signal is received at stage 2.

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