Briefly explain the water absorption rate and time spent in the water absorption response (WR) between control and Angiotensin Il-treated toads provided with voluntary access to a water-saturated gauze substrate.|
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- My mother who is a type 2 diabetes mellitus patient is taking empagliflozin, a SGLT2 inhibitor, for the treatment of hyperglycaemia. Based on your knowledge on renal physiology, what is the mechanism of action of a SGLT2 inhibitor? [No pharmacology details needed ]Small, terrestrial, bufonid toads in the genus Anaxvus (formerly Bufo) were first hydrated and later the toads' urinary bladders were drained by inserting a polished glass microhematocrit tube into the cloaca. After that, toads were injected with equal volumes of angiotensin Il or control solutions. 1.4 100 A В 1.2 80 1 0.8 60 0.6 40 0.4 0.2 20 -0.2 Control Angiotensin II Control Angiotensin II -0.4 -20 Treatment Treatment (A) Mean water absorption rate and (B) mean percentage of time spent in the water absorption response (WR) posture for control (n = 6 trials) and angiotensin Il-treated (n = 8 trials) toads. Data are combined from two laboratory sessions using a total 9 individual toads. Values are means +2 SE. Briefly explain the water absorption rate and time spent in the water absorption response (WR) between control and Angiotensin Il-treated toads provided with voluntary access to a water-saturated gauze substrate. Mean Water Absorption Rate (g/h) Mean Time in WR Posture (% of…A 30-year-old female patient with uncontrolled hypertension is suspected by an investi- gating endocrinologist of having Conn's syndrome. Results of routine biochemistry were (reference ranges are given in brackets): Sodium Potassium Urea Creatinine Alkaline phosphatase Alanine aminotransferase Albumin Bilirubin Calcium 146 mmol/L 2.1 mmol/L 7.2 mmol/L 146 μmol/L 290 IU/L 20 IU/L 49 g/L 8 μmol/L 2.19 mmol/L (135-145) (3.5-5.0) (3.5-6.6) (70-150) (95-320) (5-42) (35-50) (<17) (2.12-2.62) (a) Are any of the electrolyte concentrations abnormal, and if so what condition is suggested? (b) What further biochemistry investigations would you undertake? Explain your reasoning.
- Enalaprilat is a competitive inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACEACE), which cleaves the blood-pressure regulating peptide angiotensin I. ACEACE has a KM=52KM=52 μMμM for angiotensin I, which is present in plasma at a concentration of 75 μMμM. When enalaprilat is present at 2.4 nMnM, the activity of ACE in plasma is 14 %% of its uninhibited activity. What is the value of KIKI for enalaprilat?A 48 year-old woman with diabetic nephropathy was suffering from end-stage renal disease. They received a kidney transplant 3 months ago and renal function is now considered normal. Since the transplant, their anti-rejection medication regime involves 20mg prednisolone once a day.What test results might be expected when considering the impact of prednisolone on the body? Select ALL that apply [3 marks]- hyperlipemia -increased plasma ACTH - increased plasma cortisol - hyperkalaemia -hyponatremia -anaemia -decreased plasma 11-deoxycortisollease answer the following questions: Another patient has signs of glomerular capsule damage (damage to the filtration membrane) and now tests positive for proteins in her urine. What effect, if any, might this have on NFP and why? The same patient is showing signs of edema in her hands and feet (peripheral edema). What might be the explanation for this? What effect might the presence of a kidney stone have on NFP? Explain why?
- Using the data on enhanced coagulation and TTHM and HAA5 yield data and propose modification to the design necessary if your treatment process cannot meet the new regulation that specifies a maximum 80 and 60 ppb of TTHM and HAA5, respectively Table 2: DOC concentration achieved after enhanced coagulation pH Dose 5 6 7 8 0 5 5 5 5 10 3.07 3.21 3.42 3.59 20 2.05 2.63 3.17 3.37 40 1.71 2.22 3.00 3.32Covid-19 patients may develop acute pulmonary edema (fluid retention in the lungs), and furosemide is often used to treat it. Another potential complication of covid-19 is acute kidney damage. Possible causes include hypoxia, blood clots and inflammation. To evaluate a patient for kidney damage, a medical team took blood samples and placed a catheter to collect urine for 24 hrs. Here are some results: Plasma creatinine: 50 mg/100 mL plasma Urine creatinine: 40.8 mg/mL urine Urine production: 1.5 L in 24 hr 1. What was the patient's creatinine clearance in mL/min? (Creatinine clearance = excretion rate of creatinine/plasma concentration creatinine). Show your work.Covid-19 patients may develop acute pulmonary edema (fluid retention in the lungs), and furosemide is often used to treat it. Another potential complication of covid-19 is acute kidney damage. Possible causes include hypoxia, blood clots and inflammation. To evaluate a patient for kidney damage, a medical team took blood samples and placed a catheter to collect urine for 24 hrs. Here are some results: Plasma creatinine: 50 mg/100 mL plasma Urine creatinine: 40.8 mg/mL urine Urine production: 1.5 L in 24 hr 1. What is the patient's approximate GFR (in mL/min) 2. Is this a normal GFR (in units of mL/min)? Did the patient sustain kidney damage?
- Covid-19 patients may develop acute pulmonary edema (fluid retention in the lungs), and furosemide is often used to treat it. Another potential complication of covid-19 is acute kidney damage. Possible causes include hypoxia, blood clots and inflammation. To evaluate a patient for kidney damage, a medical team took blood samples and placed a catheter to collect urine for 24 hrs. Here are some results: Plasma creatinine: 50 mg/100 mL plasma Urine creatinine: 40.8 mg/mL urine Urine production: 1.5 L in 24 hr 1. What is the patient's approximate GFR (in mL/min)?Covid-19 patients may develop acute pulmonary edema (fluid retention in the lungs), and furosemide is often used to treat it. Another potential complication of covid-19 is acute kidney damage. Possible causes include hypoxia, blood clots and inflammation. To evaluate a patient for kidney damage, a medical team took blood samples and placed a catheter to collect urine for 24 hrs. Here are some results: Plasma creatinine: 50 mg/100 mL plasma Urine creatinine: 40.8 mg/mL urine Urine production: 1.5 L in 24 hr 3. How many mg of creatinine were in the 1.5 L urine specimen? How much creatinine appeared in the urine per hour? Show your work.A person consumes 100 μg of a tracer chemical. Assume that the person is able to collect all of the tracer in their urine (and therefore measure the amount that has come out of the body), as well as the concentration in the blood, as a function of time (see table). (a) Is a first-order rate constant appropriate for describingthe process of elimination via the kidneys? Justify your answer.(b) Assuming that the answer to a is “yes,” find the rate constant k and the total volume V from these data.