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- The major role of the Na+/K+ pump is to: a. cause a rapid firing of the action potential so the inside of themembrane becomes momentarily positive. b. decrease the resting membrane potential to zero. c. hyperpolarize the membrane above resting value. d. cause an action potential to enter a refractory period. e. maintain the resting membrane potential at a constantnegative value.Which of the following does not contribute to propagation of action potentials? a. As the area outside the membrane becomes negative, itattracts ions from adjacent regions; as the inside of the membrane becomes positive, it attracts negative ions from nearby in the cytoplasm. These events depolarize nearby regions of the axon membrane. b. The refractory period allows the impulse to travel in only one direction. c. Each segment of the axon prevents the adjacent segments from firing. d. The magnitude of the action potential stays the same as it travels down the axon. e. Up to a limit, increasing the intensity of the stimulus increases the number of action potentials.Describe the contribution of each of the following to establishing and maintaining membrane potential: (a) the Na+K+ pump, (b) passive movement of K+ across the membrane, (c) passive movement of Na+ across the membrane, and (d) the large intracellular anions.
- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/summation) to learn about summation. The process of converting electrical signals to chemical signals and back requires subtle changes that can result in transient increases or decreases in membrane voltage. To cause a lasting change in the target cell, multiple signals are usually added together, or summated. Does spatial summation have to happen all at once, or can the separate signals arrive on the postsynaptic neuron at slightly different times? Explain your answer.1. Shown below are figures of the closed and open structures of the voltage gated potassium channel protein in the cell membrane of a neuronal cell. Extracellular CLOSED Extracellular OPEN Cytosol Region A Cytosol Region A Region A of the channel protein functions as a paddle. The paddles move up and down, opening and closing the central pore through which potassium ions flow. The resting membrane potential of a neuronal cell is -70mV. Action potential +40 a. The action potential graph is shown on the right, at what point in the graph or when would voltage gated potassium channels be closed and when would they be open? Choose from Resting, depolarization, repolarization or refractory period. Describe briefly. Threshold -55 Failed initiations Resting state -70 Stimulus 1 Refractory period b. Would potassium ions move in or out of the cell when the voltage gated potassium channels are open? 1 Time (ms) What kind/type of amino acids would be present in region A of the voltage gated…3.) Signals are passed from axon to axon when neurotransmitter molecules are released from the presynaptic axon and diffuses across a small distance, called the synaptic cleft, to reach the post synaptic axon. If the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic axon is dopamine and the diffusion distance across the synaptic cleft is 20 nm then how long will it take to pass the signal? The viscosity of the interstitial fluid in the synapse is 0.012 Pa*s. (You must look up dopamine properties to solve) Synapse Suiknce Facts aut Synaptic vesicle Voltage-gated Ca? /channel Presynaptic neuron Neurotransmitter molecules Synaptic cleft lon channel receptor Postsynaptic- neuron
- 20. The figure below shows the pathway through which nitric oxide (NO) triggers smooth muscle relaxation in a blood- vessel wall. Which of the following situations would lead to relaxation of the smooth muscle cells in the absence of acetylcholine? arginine Answer: activated. nerve terminal -acetylcholine NO endothelial cell RAPID DIFFUSION OF NO ACROSS MEMBRANES NO bound to guanylyl cyclase GTP cyclic GMP RAPID RELAXATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL smooth muscle cell A) A smooth muscle cell that has a defect in guanylyl cyclase such that it cannot bind NO B) A muscle cell that has a defect in guanylyl cyclase such that it constitutively converts GTP to cyclic GMP C) A muscle cell that has cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase constitutively active D) A drug that blocks an enzyme involved in the metabolic pathway from arginine to NO E) None of the above Explanation:6. If the action potentials shown in the diagram below occur sequentially and in close temporal proximity, what will be the final result in cell D? In this notation, < indicates an excitatory an inhibitory synapse. Focus on overall effects – excitation and inhibition – don't worry about quantifying responses here. (Hint: you may want to identify what is happening at each cell and then how that will be affected by the activation of the previous cell) synapse and indicates Above Above threshold stimulation Above threshold stimulation threshold stimulation D3) You are investigating the ionic selectivity of an ion channel opened by activation of a specific group of ionotropic receptors. You use the ionic concentrations shown in the following table and determine that the reversal potential for activation of the receptors is -10 mV? Ion Intracellular (mM) Extracellular (mM) Equilibrium Potential (E1on) K+ 140 5 Na+ 10 145 Ca2+ 0.0001 2 Cl- 6. 106 a) Use the Nernst equation to calculate the equilibrium potential for each ion above. b) Is it likely that ion channel is selective to a single ion? Why or why not? c) Provide one possible ionic selectivity for this channel that could give rise to the following reversal potential. d) How would you determine if this possibility is correct?
- 1.A poison causes a drastic rise inE value with stimulation of the membrane.Thereafter membrane is slow to return towards resting membrane potential and levels off several millivolts above the threshold potential. This poison has likely affect which feature of the membrane? a) voltage gated na+ channels. b) voltage gated K+ channels. c) Na+/K+ Atp pump 2. All cell membrane demonstrate action potential if stimulated enough? True/False. 3. how many peaks are there in a compound action potential? a)2. b)4 c)6 d)8 4. Increasing the ionic concentration in the salt bridge results in E value increase to a point after which it plateeus. This is evidence brownian movement at work in the ionic solution that is keeping from energy flowing through the bridge with the fidelity that is seen in the metal bridge? True/ False 5. All cell membrane demonstrate action potential if stimulated enough? True or False.Which of the following statements best describes the features of voltage-gated K+ channels? They consist of 4 subunits, are activated at the same time as voltage-gated Na+ channels, but do not inactivate. They consist of 4 subunits, are activated by depolarisation and close slowly during the refractory period. They have 24 membrane spanning alpha helices, 4 of which have positively charged amino acids which promote a conformational change in the channel following depolarisation. They consist of 4 subunits and are open at rest which causes the resting membrane potential to be close to the K+ equilibrium potential.Fill in the diagram, your illustration should demonstrate for each phase of the AP: 1. The relative concentration of K and Na 2. The relative voltage across the membrane 3. Any movement across the membrane of K and NA 4. The three kinds of channels in the membrane, and their state (open or closed) 5. Finally, indicate on the graph of the AP which phases correspond to hyper- polarization and which phases correspond to de- polarization Outside Outside Inside Inside Outside Inside Outside 1 Outside Inside Inside