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- We are following the progress of human chromosome 1 during meiosis. At the end of prophase I, how many chromosomes, chromatids, and centromeres are present to ensure that chromosome 1 faithfully traverses meiosis?Variations in Chromosome NumberAneuploidy Describe the process of nondisjunction and explain when it takes place during cell division.6) The plant Haplepoppus gracilis is diploid (2n = 4). Inside each cell (represented here by the oval) there are four total chromosomes: one long pair (represented by "A" and "a") and one short pair (represented by "B" and “b"). The following diagrams represent possible anaphases of this cell during meiosis or mitosis. The lines represent chromosomes/chromatids being pulled to either the north or south pole of the cell, and the vertex of each "V" represent the centromere which would be attached to kinetochore microtubules. For representative cells 1– 12, say if the diagram represents a cell in anaphase I of meiosis I, anaphase II of meiosis II, anaphase of mitosis, or shows an impossible situation. If the situation is impossible, explain why. い。 VA Vb VA VB VV. V b Va VB VAVA Vo VB ^^ ^ が VaVA Vo VB くs
- In a turtle species, a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle contains 22 picograms of DNA (picogram is a measure of the total mass of the DNA present). How much DNA is present in a cell of the same species at prophase II of meiosis (prophase of the second meiotic division)?During metaphase I of meiosis, tetrads align along the metaphase plate independently of each other. Therefore, there is a random “shuffle” of maternal and paternal chromosomes in the resulting gametes.The following diagram demonstrates how this works in a diploid cell with four chromosomes . Because there are two pairs of chromosomes and each pair can align in one of two ways during metaphase I, the number of possible variations in the gametes produced is , or .For an organism that is , there are three pairs of chromosomes, so the number of possible variations in the gametes produced due to independent assortment in metaphase I is , or . In an organism with a haploid number of , how many possible combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes can occur in its gametes? Select one: a. 72=49 b. 27=128 c.17=1 d. 214=16 384During metaphase I of meiosis, tetrads align along the metaphase plate independently of each other. Therefore, there is a random “shuffle” of maternal and paternal chromosomes in the resulting gametes.The following diagram demonstrates how this works in a diploid cell with four chromosomes (2n=4) . Because there are two pairs of chromosomes and each pair can align in one of two ways during metaphase I, the number of possible variations in the gametes produced is 22 or 4.For an organism that is , there are three pairs of chromosomes, so the number of possible variations in the gametes produced due to independent assortment in metaphase I is 23 or 8. In an organism with a haploid number of 7, how many possible combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes can occur in its gametes? a. 72=49 b. 27=128 c.17=1 d. 214=16 384
- Somatic cells in organisms of a particular diploidplant species normally have 14 chromosomes. Thechromosomes in the gametes are numbered from 1through 7. Rarely, zygotes are formed that containmore or fewer than 14 chromosomes. For each of thezygotes below, (i) state whether the chromosomecomplement is euploid or aneuploid; (ii) provideterms that describe the individual’s genetic makeupas accurately as possible; and (iii) state whether ornot the individual will likely develop through theembryonic stages to make an adult plant, and if so,whether or not this plant will be fertile.a. 11 22 33 44 5 66 77b. 111 22 33 44 555 66 77c. 111 222 333 444 555 666 777d. 1111 2222 3333 4444 5555 6666 7777A diploid species has 3 pairs of chromosomes in its somatic cells. In males, the first pair is large submetacentric[1]; the second is medium acrocentric[2], and the third is small telocentric[3]. In females, the first two pairs are like those of the males while the third is large metacentric[4][5], with satellite4 Illustrate the karyograms (drawing/picture of the chromosome) of the following: A triploid cell in females tetrasomic cell in males tetraploid cell in females [1] submetacentric --centrosome is just above the middle of the chromosome [2] acrocentric --centrosome is much higher location than submetacentric so that the “p” arm of the chromosome is much shorter than the q arm [3] telocentric --the centromere is at the end of the chromosome [4] metacentric --centrosome is in the middle of the chromosome; thus the “p-arm” and the “q-arm” or both arms of the chromosome are equal in length [5] satellite-a constriction in an arm of a chromosome, aside…a. Manually, using a pencil, draw a cell in anaphase II from an organism in which 2n = 2 and each chromosome is metacentric. b. Given that each G1 nucleus from this organism contains 16 picograms of DNA, how many picograms of chromosomal DNA would you expect in the cell shown here?
- 2.3 Meiosis This process is more complicated than what occurs in mitosis. In meiosis, the genetic complement is cut in half so that the daughter cells each have half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Because of this, meiosis is often called a reduction division. The genetic complement is now half the original, meaning one copy of each chromosome pair ends up in each daughter cell. This is the haploid number. This process produces the gametes, the sperm, and the ovum, and it takes place in the testes and ovaries, respectively. Two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II, make this possible. Prior to meiosis, the chromosomes replicate themselves, again becoming double stranded. Thus, there are 46 double-stranded chromosomes when meiosis I begins. During meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes pair with each other, join together, and intertwine. The homologous chromosome pairs separate, with one homologue moving into one daughter cell, while the other homologue moves into the…Page 1 of 1 USING TWO DIFFERENT COLORS TO SIGNIFY THE MATERNAL AND PATERNAL CHROMOSOMES, DRAW THE RESPECTIVE CELLS IN EACH LABELED PHASE OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS. THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER WILL BE "4" AND SHOULD BE REPRESENTED AS TWO HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS. MAKE SURE YOU USE TWO DIFFERENT SIZES FOR EACH OF THE PAIRS. BELOW EACH PHASE, BRIEFLY DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENS. MITOSIS MEIOSIS I Crossing over needs to be illustrated in one of the homologous pairs and carried through the remaining drawings METAPHASE ANAPHASE METAPHASE I MEIOSIS II Accurate number of cells are needed ANAPHASE I METAPHASE II ANAPHASE IIConsider the following two meiocytes in metaphase I, with crossover positions as indicated for cell A. Solid black lines indicate spindle microtubules. Assume blue chromosomes represents paternal chromosomes and green maternal chromosomes. F G N R A B D e g a B d E Cell A Cell B i) How many chromosomes and chromatids were present in cell A during the G1 phase? Please clearly specify chromosomes and chromatids in your answer. ii) For cell A, list all the gametes that will be produced from this cell. Give the alleles of each gamete contained within a set of brackets. You may ignore independent assortment. iii) For cell B, list all the gametes that will be produced from this cell given independent assortment. Give the alleles of each gamete contained within a set of brackets. You may assume that no crossing over would take place.
