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- An increase in globalization has lead to an increase in pollution, and this is a problem because pollution is seen to be the classic example of a This is a that individuals impose on others but do not pay for. O negative externality, cost O possitive externality, benefit O negative externality, benefit O possitive externality, costExternalities: End of Chapter Problem In Chapter 6, we said that taxes create deadweight losses. When we tax goods with external costs, should we worry about deadweight losses? Why or why not? Any deadweight losses O should not conern us. Deadweight losses are the result of transactions that no longer occur and the problem with negative externalities is that too many transactions occur. O should concern us. If there is a negative externality associated with a good, the deadweight loss from a tax simply exacerbates society's welfare costs. from a tax are counter-productive. Why would we tax goods with negative externalities when the remedy for a negative externality is a subsidy? should concern us. Deadweight losses sound bad because they are bad; we should always avoid deadweight losses.tidterm Exam #2 Alternative Back to Assignment Attempts 3. Keep the Highest 3/4 S. Externalities - Definition and examples An externality arises when a firm or person engages in an activity that affects the wellbeing of a third party, yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect. If the Impact on the third party is adverse, it is called a extemality. The following graph shows the demand and supply curves for a good with this type of externality. The dashed drop lines on the graph reflect the market equilibrium price and quantity for this good. Adjust one or both of the curves to reflect the presence of the externality. af the social cost of producing the good is not egual to the private cost, then you should drag the supply curve to reflecet the social costs of producing the good; simiarly, f the social value of producing the pood is not equal to the private value, then you should drag the demand curve to reflect the social value of consuming the good. Supply Demand…
- Crying babies on an airplane impose a negative externality on those sitting around them.The airline can force the parents of the babies to internalize the cost by Select one: O a. Charging a higher ticket fee for babies and young children. O b. imposing a minimum flying age of 5 years old. O c. evenly dispersing the babies and young children throughout the plane. O d. seating all parents, babies and young children in the same section of the plane. O e. providing discount tickets for babies and young children. Next page ge n this pagecap-and-trade and windfall profitsA city called Seoul is suffering from high concentrations of mercury in the air, caused by burningcoal in power plants. There are two of these plants close to the city. The city’s mayor wants touse cap-and-trade to reduce emissions to a reportedly “safe” level of 60 tons. The two firms havethe following marginal benefits of emissions: MB1 = 100 – 2e1, MB2 = 25 – 0.5e2.a. How much mercury will each firm emit? What allowance price will prevail in themarket?Firm 2 hires a smart lobbyist who convinces the government that its profits are relatively low andthat it therefore deserves a generous allowance allocation. The government agrees and allocatesa1 = 20 allowances to firm 1 (for free) and a2 = 40 allowances to firm 2 (for free).b. What are the firms’ profits? Do any of the firms earn windfall profits? [Hint: compareprofits with and without regulation.] Windfall profits have been sharply criticized by consumer advocacy groups and politicians.c. What can…Spotify and Netflix are the services that are characterized with specific features. Based on Figure 1.1, identify the point that illustrates the specific features of goods for both services. O a. A O b. B O c. C Od. D Clear my choice Excludability → B Rivalry Figure 1.1 A D 1
- urco Use the chart below to answer the following question. The Socially Optimal Quantity of Pollution Select one: O a. $83 O b. $250 O c. $500 O d. $167 Marginal social cost, marginal social benefit $500 250 167 0 MSC MSB 83 125 Quantity of pollution The chart above shows the marginal social cost (MSC) and marginal social benefit (MSB) of pollution. Using the information provided in the figure, we can conclude the optimal Pigouvian tax per unit of pollution is:on 7 When externalities exist, buyers and sellers red Select one: d out of a. neglect the external effects of their actions and the market equilibrium is efficient b. do not neglect the external effects of their actions and the market equilibrium is efficient on c. neglect the external effects of their actions and the market equilibrium is not efficient O d. do not neglect the external effects of their actions and the market equilibrium is not efficient on 8 A positive consumption externality will cause a market to red Select one: d out of a. produce less than is socially desirable O b. produce more than is socially desirable on c. produce more than is market optimal O d. produce less than is market optimal on 9 If only a few people are affected by an externality red Select one: d out of a. then it is likely that Pigovian taxes will provide the most efficient solution to the externality O b. then it is likely that command and control regulation will provide the most efficient solution…Which statement about externalities is wrong? O Markets are typically not efficient in dealing with externalities O Externalities can be positive or negative O A firm naturally takes into account negative externalities that result from their production O Interventions such as carbon taxes can help correct externalities gative externalities imply that the social cost is high than the internal (or private) cost
- The following table describes the productionpossibilities of two cities in the country of Baseballia:Pairs of RedSocks per Workerper HourPairs of WhiteSocks per Workerper HourBoston 3 3Chicago 2 1a. Without trade, what is the price of white socks (interms of red socks) in Boston? What is the price inChicago?b. Which city has an absolute advantage in theproduction of each color sock? Which city has acomparative advantage in the production of eachcolor sock?c. If the cities trade with each other, which color sockwill each export?d. What is the range of prices at which mutuallybeneficial trade can occur?Two towns, each with three residents, are decidingwhether to put on a fireworks display to celebrate theNew Year. Fireworks cost $360. In each town, somepeople enjoy fireworks more than others.a. In the town of Bayport, each of the residentsvalues the public good as follows:Frank $50Joe $100Callie $300Would fireworks pass a cost–benefit analysis?Explain.b. The mayor of Bayport proposes to decide bymajority rule and, if the fireworks referendumpasses, to split the cost equally among allresidents. Who would vote in favor, and whowould vote against? Would the vote yield thesame answer as the cost–benefit analysis?c. In the town of River Heights, each of the residentsvalues the public good as follows:Nancy $20Bess $140Ned $160Would fireworks pass a cost–benefit analysis?Explain.d. The mayor of River Heights also proposes todecide by majority rule and, if the fireworksreferendum passes, to split the cost equallyamong all residents. Who would vote in favor,and who would vote against? Would…Market Structure and Market Power-End of Chapter Problem In October of 2004, British regulators were forced to suspend the license of a flu vaccine plant in Liverpool operated by the Chiron Corporation due to concerns over bacterial contamination. As a result, the market was less competitive and the remaining suppliers of the flu vaccine experienced an increase in their market power. Suppose the market for one of the remaining firms is represented by the following graph. a. Place point E on the remaining producer's profit maximizing price and output. Price ($ per dose) 44 49938388822822PING 40 36 30 26 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 E Marginal Revenue 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Quantity (millions of doses) Marginal Cost Demand 22 24 26 28