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- As the text noted, two-thirds of the water and solutes that the body reclaims by reabsorption in nephrons occurs in the proximal tubule. Proximal tubule cells have large numbers of mitochondria and demand a great deal of oxygen. Explain why.Reabsorption depends on _________. a. osmosis across the nephron wall b. active transport of sodium across the nephron wall c. a steep solute concentration gradient d. all of the aboveThe proximal tubule reabsorbs most filtered HCO3- by indirect methods because there are no apical transporters to do what? How does the indirect mechanism work?
- The filtrated fluid which is has passed through the proximal tubule and is about to enter the loop of Henle is filtrate which first entered the tubule. to the hyperosmotic hypoosmotic isoosmoticDescribe the characteristics of the two limbs of the loop of Henle with regard to their transport of Na1, Cl2, and water.Which of the followings is correct about chloride reabsorption from the loop of Henle? Cl – is reabsorbed through the chloride channels of cells of the thick segment of loop of Henle Cl – is reabsorbed through paracellular gaps of the thick segment of loop of Henle Cl– is reabsorbed through Na–K–2Cl cotransporter in the basolateral membrane of the thick segment of loop of Henle All of the above is are correct None of the above is correct
- In the presence of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), which of the following does NOT occur? OAquaporins will be present ONLY in the apical membrane of the collecting duct ADH will bind to an ADH receptor, which is a metabotropic receptor O Adenylate cyclase will be activated, producing CAMP OWater flows down its concentration gradient, from high to low solute concentrations OAll of the above would occurOne model of the glomerular membrane is a microporous membrane in which right cylindrical pores penetrate all the way through the membrane. Assume that the pores have a length of 50 nm and a radius of 3.5 nm. The viscosity of plasma is 0.002 Pa s. The average hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus is 60 mm Hg, hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space is 20 mm Hg and the average oncotic pressure of glomerular capillary blood is 28 mm Hg. A. Calculate the flow through a single pore assuming laminar flow (use the Poiseuille flow equation) B. How many pores would there have to be to produce a normal GFR? C. If the total aggregate area of the kidneys for filtration is 1.5 m2, what is the density of the pores (number of pores per unit area)? D. What fraction of the area is present as pores?Which of the following statements concerning the medullary verticle osmotic gradient is TRUE: W. The loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons establish a medullary osmotic gradient by means of countercurrent multiplicationX. The vasa recta enable the medulla to be supplied with blood while conserving the medullary osmotic gradient Y. The medullary osmotic gradient permits excretion of urine of differing concentrationsZ. The collecting tubules of all nephrons descend through the medullary osmotic gradient before emptying into the renal pelvis Select one: a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct
- Renal tubules cannot reabsorb HCO3–; yet HCO3–concentration in the tubular fluid falls while in the blood plasma itrises. Explain this apparent contradiction.Na+ ions are actively transported out of the tubules to help set up the countercurrent multiplier. Which of the following are sites of active Na+ ion transport in the nephron?Why is this statement false? Without the renal medullar osmotic gradient, you would not be able to raise the concentration of urine above 1200 mOsm