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- Consider a two-date binomial model. A company has both debt and equity in its capital structure. The value of the company is 100 at Date 0. At Date 1, it is equally like that the value of the company increases by 20% or decreases by 10%. The total promised amount to the debtholders is 100 at Date 1. The riskfree interest rate is 10%. a. What is the value of the debt at Date 0? What is the value of the equity at Date 0? b. Suppose the government announces that it guarantees the company’s payment to the debtholders. How much is the government guarantee worth?You have the following initial information on which to base your calculations and discussion: Debt yield = 2.5% Required Rate of Return on Equity = 13% Expected return on S&P500 = 8% Risk-free rate (rF) = 1.5% Inflation = 2.5% Corporate tax rate (TC) = 30% Current long-term and target debt-equity ratio (D:E) = 1:3 a. What is the unlevered cost of equity (rE*) for this firm? Assume that the management of the firm is considering a leveraged buyout of the above company. They believe that they can gear the company to a higher level due to their ability to extract efficiencies from the firm’s operations. Thus, they wish to use a target debt-equity ratio of 3:1 in their valuation calculations. b. What would the levered cost of equity equal for this firm at a debt-equity ratio (D:E) of 3:1? c. What would the required rate of return for the company equal if it were to be acquired under the leveraged buyout structure (i.e., what would the estimated firm WACC equal to under a…4. Suppose a firm with a value of $60 million has a bond outstanding with a face value of $50 million that matures in 2 years. the current interest rate is 6% and the volatility of the firm is 25% what is the probability that the firm will default on its debt if the expected return on the firm, µ, is 30% ?what is the expected loss given default?
- You have the following initial information on which to base your calculations and discussion: Debt yield = 2.5% Required Rate of Return on Equity = 13% Expected return on S&P500 = 8% Risk-free rate (rF) = 1.5% Inflation = 2.5% Corporate tax rate (TC) = 30% Current long-term and target debt-equity ratio (D:E) = 1:3 a. What is the unlevered cost of equity (rE*) for this firm? Assume that the management of the firm is considering a leveraged buyout of the above company. They believe that they can gear the company to a higher level due to their ability to extract efficiencies from the firm’s operations. Thus, they wish to use a target debt-equity ratio of 3:1 in their valuation calculations.Consider a two-date binomial model. A company has both debt and equity in its capital structure. The value of the company is 100 at Date 0. At Date 1, it is equally like that the value of the company increases by 20% or decreases by 10%. The total promised amount to the debtholders is 100 at Date 1. The riskfree interest rate is 10%. a. What are the possible payoffs to the equityholders at date 1? What kind of financial product has the same payoffs? Please describe the detailed characteristics of the financial product. b. What are the possible payoffs to the bondholders at date 1? Are they riskfree? What kind of financial product/portfolio has the same payoffs? Please describe the detailed characteristics of the financial product/portfolio.What is the size of debt for each firm? Assume that cost of debt = 8%; unlevered cost of capital = 10%; systematic risk of the asset is 1.5
- The current value of a firm is $1,400. Te firm has $1,000 in pure debt due in one year and the risk-free rate is 6%. The firm's asset will be worth either $1,200 or $1,500 in one year. What is the interest rate on the debt? A. 6.0% B. 7.0% C. 7.5% D. 11.0% E. 13.0%Consider a simple firm that has the following market-value balance sheet: Assets Liabilities end equity $1 040 Debt Equity $400 640 Next year, there are two possible values for its assets, each equally likely: $1 180 and $960. Its debt will be due with 4.9% interest. Because all of the cash flows from the assets must go to either the debt or the equity, if you hold a portfolio of the debt and equity in the same proportions as the firm's capital structure, your portfolio should earn exactly the expected return on the firm's assets. Show that a portfolio invested 38% in the firm's debt and 62% in its equity will have the same expected return as the assets of the firm. That is, show that the firm's pre-tax WACC is the same as the expected return on its assets. If the assets will be worth $1 180 in one year, the expected return on assets will be %. (Round to one decimal place.)If a firm now has a debt ratio of 50% but plans to finance with only 40% debt in thefuture, what should it use as wd when it calculates its WACC? Explain.
- Next, we need to calculate MMMs cost of debt. We can use different approaches to estimate it One approach is to take the companys interest expense and divide it by total debt (which is the sum of short-term debt and long-term debt). This approach only works if the historical cost of debt equals the yield to maturity in todays market (i.e., if MMMs outstanding bonds are trading at dose to par). This approach may produce misleading estimates in years in which MMM issues a significant amount of new debt. For example, if a company issues a great deal of debt at the end of the year, the full amount of debt will appear on the year-end balance sheet, yet we still may not see a sharp increase in annual interest expense because the debt was outstanding for only a small portion of the entire year. When this situation occurs, the estimated cost of debt will likely understate the true cost of debt. Another approach is to try to find this number in the notes to the companys annual report by accessing the company's home page and its Investor Relations section. Alternatively, you can go to other external sources, such as bondsonline.com, for corporate bond spreads, which can be used to find estimates of the cost of debt. Finally, you can also go to Morningstar.com, which will provide yield to maturity information on the firms various bond issues. A longer-term issues YTM could provide an estimate of the firms current cost of debt to be used in the WACC calculation. Remember that you need the after-tax cost of debt to calculate a firm's WACC, so you will need MMMs tax rate (which has averaged around 30% in recent years). What is your estimate of MMMs after-tax cost of debt?A company needs ghc1000 to finance its activities. The firm can finance this expenditure either by bonds or equity. Interest rate on bonds is 10%. The company can earn ghe 160 in good years and ghc80 in bad years. Assuming the firm faces one-quarter probability of good years; What will be the stream of returns on both bonds and equity if the company chooses the following financing options? i. a. 100% equity financing ii. 50% equity financing iii. 20% equity financing iv. 0% equity financing Estimate the equity risk associated with each option in (a) As an investor who wants to purchase a share in the company, which financing option will make you purchase the stock. Why? b. C.Problem 3.1. Assume CAPM. Assume that the risk-free interest rate equals 0.03 and that the market retur equals 0.08. Consider a company which currently has 2 million shares outsanding with the stock price of $20 per share. The equity rate is 0.09. The company has ten million dollars in debt with the debt beta equal to 0.4. The weighted average cost of capital is 0.0796. Calculate the capital tax rate.