Pharmacological Effects of Antiretroviral Medication in the Management of HIV Infection

I) Describe how the pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of different drugs administered concomitantly may lead to additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects. List specific drug interactions that can occur in the management of HIV patients. II)

Answer the following and inlcude the references    SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes CoVid-19, belongs to the Coronaviridae family. Viruses under this family have a genome made of single-stranded positive-sense RNA. Is this similar to the viral genome of HIV? If so, do you think that – in theory – they would have similar replication cycles? Do you think that ART combinations/options might help in suppressing the viral replication of SARS-CoV-2? Expound.

Aside from antibody-producing vaccines against spike proteins, describe or gicve at least 2 other therapeutic strategies that employ knowledge of pathways allowing viral entry into cells and/or mechanisms preventing replication of new viral particles after entry.    1. 2.

Choose all the true statements regarding coronavirus proteins.     Vaccine preventable diseases include COVID-19.     For coronaviruses, it is more likely to find evolving mutations in the portion of the spike protein than the nucleocapsid protein.     Mutations in the genetic code for the spike protein will produce 3D changes that are more likely to affect vaccine efficacy than changes to the nucleocapsid protein code.     The nucleocapsid protein interacts with viral nucleic acid specifically whereas the spike protein interacts with the host protein non-specifically.

Aside from antibody-producing vaccines against spike proteins, describe at least 2 other therapeutic strategies that employ knowledge of pathways allowing viral entry into cells and/or mechanisms preventing replication of new viral particles after entry.

(a)  What is the dosage form of the two above drugs?  (b)  What is the administration method for the two above drugs?   Molnupiravir has not been approved but has been authorized for emergency use by the FDA under an EUA to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 infection. Briefly explain this decision made by FDA based on the knowledge of clinical trials. Both drugs are not allowed to be prescribed to person under 18 years old due to insufficient clinical data. Why is it necessary to separately conduct clinical trials for a younger age group?

What are the most encouraging words and messages to tell a newly diagnosed COVID-positive patient? And how to make your colleagues and other health workers feel better when inflicted with the virus?

how may i create a drug that prevents viral attachments

Mc 8 eBook References paragraph. Inoculated attenuated Sabin vaccination Salk Inactivated multiply three revert two prophylaxis infantile paralysis myasthenia gravis Poliomyelitis 00000000000 Drag the text blocks below into their correct order. In contrast, oral polio vaccine (OPV), developed by an in the 1960s, contains virus and can be easily administered by mouth making it useful still in polio eradication programs in developing countries today. OPV poses many risks, however, such as the attenuated virus can people and spread to others or it can making this vaccine virtually unusable in the U.S. today. In the past, this disease often affected small children and was called poliovirus vaccine was developed by in 1954 and is now the form used for all U.S. childhood vaccinations due to its low risk to individuals being vaccinated. in vaccinated to a neurovirulent strain causing disease, neuromuscular paralysis. There are against polio. is an acute enteroviral infection of the spinal…

1) COVID-19 a. Should there be clinical trails performed by agents (institutions) outside the very drug companies that manufacture them? b. Which factors influence the form of treatment in any given nation (example, amount of moeny, profits to be made, accessibility of the treatment, etc.) c. Which type od approaches you think may work the best in form of minimizing COVID-19 infections and the resulting side effects

List specific drugs categorized as non–human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) antivirals and HIV antivirals or antiretrovirals.

Discuss how recombinant DNA technology has been used to develop strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of HIV

Discuss 4 observations you should perform when caring for a patient on anticoagulation therapy.

SITUATION:Mr Harry Ng, an 80-year-old male, seemingly healthy and with no coronavirus symptoms, presented to thelocal hospital three (3) days ago after a close contact with a relative diagnosed with COVID-19. Underroutine protocols, as the patient was asymptomatic on admission, the patient would not be given a ChestX-Ray. However, as he has now become symptomatic a Chest X-Ray (Figure 1) has been completed.This morning Mr Ng informs you that he could not sleep last night as he was coughing the whole night. Healso informs you that he is feeling extremely tired and cold. You notice that Mr Ng is shivering and has aproductive cough. Mr Ng also complains of pain in his right chest that intensifies with inspiration.BACKGROUNDMr Harry Ng has a history of hypertension for the last 20 years, controlled with medication. He hashyperlipidaemia for the last 10 years and a history of atrial fibrillation which was reverted six (6) monthsago. Mr Ng has no past surgical history. Mr Ng used to smoke…

SITUATION:Mr Harry Ng, an 80-year-old male, seemingly healthy and with no coronavirus symptoms, presented to thelocal hospital three (3) days ago after a close contact with a relative diagnosed with COVID-19. Underroutine protocols, as the patient was asymptomatic on admission, the patient would not be given a ChestX-Ray. However, as he has now become symptomatic a Chest X-Ray (Figure 1) has been completed.This morning Mr Ng informs you that he could not sleep last night as he was coughing the whole night. Healso informs you that he is feeling extremely tired and cold. You notice that Mr Ng is shivering and has aproductive cough. Mr Ng also complains of pain in his right chest that intensifies with inspiration.BACKGROUNDMr Harry Ng has a history of hypertension for the last 20 years, controlled with medication. He hashyperlipidaemia for the last 10 years and a history of atrial fibrillation which was reverted six (6) monthsago. Mr Ng has no past surgical history. Mr Ng used to smoke…

SITUATION:Mr Harry Ng, an 80-year-old male, seemingly healthy and with no coronavirus symptoms, presented to thelocal hospital three (3) days ago after a close contact with a relative diagnosed with COVID-19. Underroutine protocols, as the patient was asymptomatic on admission, the patient would not be given a ChestX-Ray. However, as he has now become symptomatic a Chest X-Ray (Figure 1) has been completed.This morning Mr Ng informs you that he could not sleep last night as he was coughing the whole night. Healso informs you that he is feeling extremely tired and cold. You notice that Mr Ng is shivering and has aproductive cough. Mr Ng also complains of pain in his right chest that intensifies with inspiration.BACKGROUNDMr Harry Ng has a history of hypertension for the last 20 years, controlled with medication. He hashyperlipidaemia for the last 10 years and a history of atrial fibrillation which was reverted six (6) monthsago. Mr Ng has no past surgical history. Mr Ng used to smoke…

SITUATION:Mr Harry Ng, an 80-year-old male, seemingly healthy and with no coronavirus symptoms, presented to thelocal hospital three (3) days ago after a close contact with a relative diagnosed with COVID-19. Underroutine protocols, as the patient was asymptomatic on admission, the patient would not be given a ChestX-Ray. However, as he has now become symptomatic a Chest X-Ray (Figure 1) has been completed.This morning Mr Ng informs you that he could not sleep last night as he was coughing the whole night. Healso informs you that he is feeling extremely tired and cold. You notice that Mr Ng is shivering and has aproductive cough. Mr Ng also complains of pain in his right chest that intensifies with inspiration.BACKGROUNDMr Harry Ng has a history of hypertension for the last 20 years, controlled with medication. He hashyperlipidaemia for the last 10 years and a history of atrial fibrillation which was reverted six (6) monthsago. Mr Ng has no past surgical history. Mr Ng used to smoke…

SITUATION:Mr Harry Ng, an 80-year-old male, seemingly healthy and with no coronavirus symptoms, presented to thelocal hospital three (3) days ago after a close contact with a relative diagnosed with COVID-19. Underroutine protocols, as the patient was asymptomatic on admission, the patient would not be given a ChestX-Ray. However, as he has now become symptomatic a Chest X-Ray (Figure 1) has been completed.This morning Mr Ng informs you that he could not sleep last night as he was coughing the whole night. Healso informs you that he is feeling extremely tired and cold. You notice that Mr Ng is shivering and has aproductive cough. Mr Ng also complains of pain in his right chest that intensifies with inspiration.BACKGROUNDMr Harry Ng has a history of hypertension for the last 20 years, controlled with medication. He hashyperlipidaemia for the last 10 years and a history of atrial fibrillation which was reverted six (6) monthsago. Mr Ng has no past surgical history. Mr Ng used to smoke…

SITUATION:Mr Harry Ng, an 80-year-old male, seemingly healthy and with no coronavirus symptoms, presented to thelocal hospital three (3) days ago after a close contact with a relative diagnosed with COVID-19. Underroutine protocols, as the patient was asymptomatic on admission, the patient would not be given a ChestX-Ray. However, as he has now become symptomatic a Chest X-Ray (Figure 1) has been completed.This morning Mr Ng informs you that he could not sleep last night as he was coughing the whole night. Healso informs you that he is feeling extremely tired and cold. You notice that Mr Ng is shivering and has aproductive cough. Mr Ng also complains of pain in his right chest that intensifies with inspiration.BACKGROUNDMr Harry Ng has a history of hypertension for the last 20 years, controlled with medication. He hashyperlipidaemia for the last 10 years and a history of atrial fibrillation which was reverted six (6) monthsago. Mr Ng has no past surgical history. Mr Ng used to smoke…

SITUATION:Mr Harry Ng, an 80-year-old male, seemingly healthy and with no coronavirus symptoms, presented to thelocal hospital three (3) days ago after a close contact with a relative diagnosed with COVID-19. Underroutine protocols, as the patient was asymptomatic on admission, the patient would not be given a ChestX-Ray. However, as he has now become symptomatic a Chest X-Ray (Figure 1) has been completed.This morning Mr Ng informs you that he could not sleep last night as he was coughing the whole night. Healso informs you that he is feeling extremely tired and cold. You notice that Mr Ng is shivering and has aproductive cough. Mr Ng also complains of pain in his right chest that intensifies with inspiration.BACKGROUNDMr Harry Ng has a history of hypertension for the last 20 years, controlled with medication. He hashyperlipidaemia for the last 10 years and a history of atrial fibrillation which was reverted six (6) monthsago. Mr Ng has no past surgical history. Mr Ng used to smoke…

Imagine you are designing a new candidate molecule that can be used as an anti-viral drug to treat SARS-CoV-2. List the basic steps you need to take from the idea to the market.

This is homework not a test!  From NTSA case study  https://static.nsta.org/case_study_docs/case_studies/cystic_fibrosis.pdf Please help with questions 2, 3 and 4 of part four 2. "The successful use of gene therapy to cure SCID syndrome (2000) is hoped to be a permanent cure for those patients because a good copy of the problem gene was inserted into the patients' blood stem cells in the bone marrow (hematopoietic stem cells). Once white blood cells enter the blood stream they have a limited life span, on the order of a few week to months. The blood stem cells are the cells that create more white blood cells to replace those that are lost. If the gene was only inserted into the circulating mature white blood cells, the patient would only be temporarily cured until those cells were used up or died." The current gene therapy approaches to cure CF involve inserting a functional CFTR gene into the mature epithelial cells of the lungs. In light of the preceding paragraph, do you think that…

1. What are the differences between lab and clinical diagnosis- please write your answer by considering to distinguishing Flu versus COVID-19 diagnosis? 2. What are ribozymes? 3. What are the differences between prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines? 4. What is the difference between a regular flu vaccine and the COVID-19 vaccine? 5. What is Gene Therapy? Give the names of three diseases in which the Gene therapy strategy is successful? 6. What are the implications of human genome project?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of drug delivery systems that are based on bacterial or viral host.

discuss the benefits and limitations of using a retroviral system or an adenovirus for the delivery of a therapeutic gene.

What is the purpose of antiretroviral therapy in HIV treatment?

Answer the following  1.Are viruses living or non-living organisms? 2. What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? 3. HIV is classified as a retrovirus. What are retroviruses? 4. In your own words, provide a short summary of the HIV replication cycle. 5. Why is reverse transcriptase an important enzyme in the replication cycle of HIV? 6. In the chapter about enzymes, we have discussed how drugs are basically inhibitors. There are currently a multitude of Antiretroviral therapy (ART or ARV) options available to people living with HIV (PLHIV) so that the viral replication is suppressed and does not progress to AIDS. What do you think these drugs target? Discuss briefly. 7. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes CoVid-19, belongs to the Coronaviridae family. Viruses under this family have a genome made of single-stranded positive-sense RNA. Is this similar to the viral genome of HIV? If so, do you think that – in theory – they would have similar replication cycles? 8. In your own opinion, do…

Describe 4 differences and 4 similarities between viral lytic and lysogenic phases. * For each difference clearly state the reason why lytic is different from lysogenic using technical biological terms.* For each similarity you can just state what is the reason(s) the 2 phases are similar.   Essay Limit: 300 words   Book: Biology (Campbell)          11 edition          Urry. Cain. Wasserman. Minorsky. Reece

The novel coronavirus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (COVID-19) is a beta coronavirus  Select one: True False