Hist 260 Ch 9S-Jacqueline L

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Dec 6, 2023

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Chapter 9: Classical, and Medieval Japan and Korea NAME: Jacqueline LaCombe (population of Japan today is about 126 million and Korea has about 76 million (including North and South) 1.) Where did settlement in mountainous Japan become concentrated? On the narrow coastal plain, mainly between modern Tokyo and Osaka. 2.) What would mountains mean for Japans political unity and economy (until late 1500’s)? It slowed Japan’s economic development and caused their political unity to come late into 1600. 3.) What is Japan’s great agricultural advantage? Its mild maritime climate, the surrounding sea keeps it humid, mild in the winter, and largely free of droughts that plague northern China. 4.) Why has most people living on the eastern coastline been a blessing for Japan? Sea routes have helped to link settled areas and carry trade. The sea provides fish and other seafood that have always formed an important part of the diet and since they live near the sea, this is convienient. 5.) What are rivers like in Japan? Short and swift, carrying most of their silt loads into the sea rather than depositing them along their lower courses or deltas. 6.) How has Japan produced some of the highest rice yields (per each acre) in the world since 1870? Through a combination of intense fertilization and the development of improved crop strains. All of this rested on Japan's remarkable success in industrialization and technological development. 7.) Besides people and rice, what things entered Japan via Korea in Yayoi times (300 BCE – 300 CE)? Practical iron tools and bronze and pottery wheel. 8.) How did Chinese records from 290 CE describe the Japanese people? Japanese were a law-abiding people who depended on agriculture and fishing and observed strict social differences that were marked by tattooing. 9.) What did the 290 CE Chinese accounts say about Japanese religion and a Japanese queen? Account of the Three Kingdoms says the Japanese respected divination and ritual. It speaks of the unmarried queen as a kind of priestess who ruled over several “kingdoms” or clas. She was considered important enough to have one of the largest tombs and mounds erected for her on her death.
10.) In the Japanese myth, what three things did Ninigi (grandson of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu) bring down to earth? Three imperial regalia, still the symbols of imperial authority in Japan: a bronze mirror (symbol of the sun), an iron sword, and a necklace made of curved jewels somewhat in the shape of bear claws. 11.) What is Ninigi’s grandson called? First "emperor;' and is given a Chinese-style title as Jimmu, the "Divine Warrior'. 12.) What kind of society was Japan in the 5 th century (long after the fall of China’s Han Dynasty)? tribal society 13.) What dramatic and awesome reminders of the power of nature does Japan experience? Active volcanoes, occasional tidal waves, frequent earthquakes, and the yearly visitation of typhoons in late summer and fall, which can do enormous damage. 14.) Where do kami (divine spirits) live (or embody) themselves? Mountains, waterfalls, large trees, and even rocks. 15.) What did Prince Shotoku’s “17 Article Constitution” promote? The supremacy of the ruler and established an officialdom on the Chinese pattern, based on ability and with a set of court ranks for officials. 16.) Who were the main members of the large embassies sent by Japan to China in order to learn Chinese culture? Students, scholars, and Buddhist monks 17.) What major movement (called Taika) did the Emperor Tenchi and Fujiwara Kamatari begin? A major movement of reform designed to sweep away what remained of earlier forms of government and to replace them on a wholesale basis with Chinese forms 18.) What was the city of Nara built as a copy of? Chang'an, the Tang capital, and was the first real city in Japan. 19.) What is still apparent in the layout of the city of Kyoto (Heian) today? The original checkerboard layout 20.) After the time of Kammu (r. 781 – 806), what (limited) role did the Japanese emperor play? ceremonial and symbolic role
21.) How were officials in Japan different than in China? Japanese emperors depended on local leaders 22.) What works of art were in place and dedicated at the Todaiji Temple in Nara in 752? An enormous bronze figure of the Buddha. 23.) What did Japanese do with their dead (instead of tombs)? They burned their dead 24.) What did Chinese Daoism and Japanese Shinto have in common? The admiration of nature and the idea that humans should live in harmony with it. 25.) What were Japanese written phonetic syllables (kana) derived from? Derived from simplified versions of Chinese characters. 26.) What did private estates (shoen) acquire the aspects of? Small local states 27.) What does much of “Genji” and other literature of this time deal with? Affairs among the court aristocrats. 28.) What doctrine did Pure Land (Jodo) Buddhism focus on? Rebirth and a “degenerate age” into the Pure Land Paradise, which is presided over by the Buddha Amida. 29.) Who were the samurai? Samurai- a hereditary aristocratic group who were both educated and trained in the arts of war-"gentlemen warriors;' as they have been called-had developed out of the frontier wars as Japanese settlement spread north beyond the Yamato area. 30.) What was bushido? "the way of the warrior;' which became a dominant code stressing bravery, indifference to pain and exhaustion, and determination to win against all odds. 31.) What did the victorious Minamoto clan set up as a capital? A rival capital in its then frontier base at Kamakura (now a southern suburb of Tokyo). 32.) What kind of hierarchy did the shogun preside over? Feudal hierarchy of lords who were bound to the emperor in loyalty assured by oaths, periodic homage, certain payments, and promises of military support.
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